A. No, that is not right.
Q. Then this page is incorrect, is it?
A. It says that "by order". It just said signed "Mrugowsky".
Q. That is signed "Mrugowsky", not "by order"?
A. And it had and was that because the heading is "SS Chief Hygienist".
Q. Why did you send a copy to Genzken, your big chief?
A. In this case I was not writing any letter as Genzken's subordinate but as subordinate to Grawitz, and on his behalf as the heading shows, and the Waffen-SS which used to send vaccine was, of course, quite interested, and in order to have it in the record for researches. That I should like to say that Grawitz himself personally did not receive this letter, which remained in the files of Office 16 until the end.
Q. Now, Doctor, after these people received this letter or report there, six people received it, namely, Conti, Grawitz, Genzken, Gildemeister, Geyer at Kracow, and Demnitz at Marburg. After they read this report that two people had died, did you have any repercussion therefrom?
A. I did not understand the question.
Q. After these people received the reports, did they make inquiry as to these two deaths that are mentioned in this report?
A. No, and that was not necessary because it said here somewhere that the vaccine was used during an epidemic, and on page 87, under 2-B, it says in the first paragraph, in the case of sick persons during a typhus epidemic etc., then at the beginning of the next paragraph, during same epidemic four groups of experimental subjects be vaccinated. That is rather a formulation and it was quite probable. Here the people did not realize that this is an artificial infection. That since the death rate of thirty percent was quite usual at that time in epidemics: later it was lower, but in the beginning it was thirty to fifty percent.
Q. Of course, you do assume that actual research series, one of Ding's, which is comparable to this report, was performed on artificial infected persons for the control group, don't you? According to Ding's diary?
A. I never denied that, and I have explained carefully that at the beginning of this series was the reason for my objecting to Grawitz.
Q. Was it customary for you, whenever you addressed a report to a man like Grawitz, Reich Physician SS and Police, you lied, and that this was the result of typhus epidemic, and when you put out these things you were lying to them in your reports?
A. No.
Q. Now, Doctor, in regard to this report on this, you have stated on direct examination that you can furthermore justify it inasmuch that Dr. Kogon testified here in this courtroom that the subject used in the first two series of experiments were volunteers. Now I am to correct you on that point; that Dr. Kogon stated as follows on that question: "Selection of experimental subjects was not the same at different times, and in the very first period the inmates of the camp were called upon to volunteer. They were told it was a harmless affair and as a benefit they would get additional food. After one or two experiments were conducted, it became impossible to get any volunteers whatsoever," and then continuing on to say you should select the larger numbers. Now Conti mentioned one or two experiments, not one or two series of experiments, wherein over one hundred people were used. He did not say "series", did he?
A. No, it is exactly what I meant. If you will look at the diary carefully, you will see on page 1 preliminary experiment "A" is discussed. That would be the first experiment according to Conti, and it shows that no one could go to the section, was not possible, it said, and then there could have been no suspicion whatever because nothing done to the people. The second series began on the next day, on 6 January 1942, that is not preliminary test "B", it was the second. That began on 10 January, four days later. The next experiment series is series one, of the 145 people, it can be by themselves, the second series, which you mentioned, and since they were volunteers, that was the first time that diarrhea occurred.
Q. Then you say that Conti meant these 145 people used in the research series one who volunteered, is that right? Is that your contention of the Kogon testimony?
A. That is how I interpret Kogon's testimony, yes.
Q. Well, we will have to bring Dr. Kogon hack again. As you stated yesterday that only since possible to experiment on volunteers, they could not get any more, do you know anything about that?
A. No, I would have to read it up.
Q. Now, Doctor, let's pass on to page 42, Ding's diary, which would be in the German copy 10 January 1943, which is rather out of order, you will find it has to do with yellow fever vaccine tests. Now, Your Honor, do you have that, page 42 of Ding's diary. Now you stated on direct examination that these were tests of vaccines and not experiments. That is what is mentioned here under the date of 10 January 1943, is that correct?
A. Yes, it is a matter of vaccine.
Q. Further you said on direct examination, I suggested the same to Grawitz and that Grawitz ordered it, didn't you?
A. Yes.
Q. Well, now, if that is a fact merely it is a harmless test and not experiments, that you stated, why did it become necessary to resort to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp for this work?
A. These tests could have been conducted on soldiers just as well. Such tests actually were made on thousands of soldiers. They were not really experiments, only tests of the most harmless nature. In the period of preparation for the campaign in Africa, the training period of the soldiers was so full of physical effort that they could not be put under medical observation for several days because it would be impossible because of some of their training. That was technically impossible. That was the reason why the experiments were conducted on concentration camps, and according to Ding's affidavit the subjects were volunteers, and as a re ward they did not have to work for four weeks.
That was not possible with the recruits, but that in a concentration camp it was quite possible.
I was always of the conviction that these harmless things which made you a temperature of 37.5 degrees, just slightly above normal temperature, one was more doing the prisoners a favor than anything else they didn't have to work and because they got better food.
Q Ding states here in the diary as follows: "At the Behring Works, Marburg/Lahn, Robert Kock Institute, Berlin, at the Institute of Virus Research of the Supremo Command of the Army in Cracow were commissioned by the Supreme Command of the Army to manufacture yellow fever vaccines for collaborators. Since za live virus is being handled, for safety's sake from each vaccine change a test is to be performed on five persons. It isn't harmless language, is it?
A The language is wrong.
Q Well now, were these matters of any interest to Walter Schreiber, let us say, that is, in his position as plenipotentiary for epidemics and as chief of the Medical Academy?
A I believe Schreiber obtained his position only in 1943. That was in January, 1943. As far as I remember he obtained that position in July or August of that year.
Q Then his position as consultant to Handloser and as Chief of the Military Medical Academy, were these matters as elicted here in the Ding diary of any concern to Schreiber? It states here they were in receipt of the Supremem Command of the Army in Cracow and was commissioned by the Supreme Command of the Army at O.K.H. which would be Handloser and Schreiber, whichever it may be. Was it Schreiber, I am asking you?
A No, it wasn't like that at all. That was purely an SS matter in the preparation for the commitment of troops. To what extent the army, which had already produced such things in the O.K.H. Institute at Cracow, to what extent the Army made similar tests, I don't know. At least as far as I remember I did not sent the report on the tolerance to Dr. Schmidt, an associate of Schreiber, but I always considered it a matter of authenticity. The doctors who would later have to work with the matter therefore had to be trained technically.
Q Well now, did you in your organization have any sort of a working agreement with the Army for testing of yellow fever vaccine, that is for the O.K.H.?
A I don't know what you mean.
Q Well, did you have any sort of arrangement whereby the Army, if they decided they were going to use a particular vaccine, would send it to you to test it to be sure that the vaccine was in order so that they could then inoculate their troops? In other words, did you act as a testing agency for the Army?
A For yellow fever? It is possible that it was discussed, but it is not so that part of all the production numbers were tested her. These were merely the fractions which were later to be used by the Waffen S.S. There were several divisions. A division has 20,000 men so that means quite a lot of vaccine.
Q What I am getting at, Doctor, Ding says in his diary the results of the yellow fever vaccine tests are to be sent to Department 16, that is your department, in the SS Fuehrungshauptamt in duplicate, one forwarded to the manufacturer and one to the Supreme Commander of the Army, to Major Dr. Schmidt, Army Medical Inspectorate. Now, did you have some sort of working agreement to tes vaccines for the Army?
AAs far as I recall one was sent to the producer so that he would be informed, and the second was for us.
Q Doctor, please answer my question. Don't explain that entry. Did you, from your knowledge, ever have a working agreement with the Army to test vaccines for yellow fever at Buchenwald?
A I told you it is quite possible that it was discussed, that we were going to test the vaccines in the form we have here. That is possible. But any binding agreement that every vaccine was to be tested, no, I know nothing about that.
Q Did you ever talk to Schreiber about that, did Schreiber ever ask you, Mrugowsky, "Can we have you test all these vaccines for us in your institute at Buchenwald?" Did Schreiber ask you such a thing as That?
A No.
Q Did you ever talk to Schreiber about testing vaccines for the Army at Buchenwald?
A It is possible that I once discussed the execution of these vaccines in Buchenwald with Schreiber, but I cannot say definitely at the moment.
Q According to this Ding was testing them for the Amy as the reports were to be sent to the Amy. Now, did these organizations contact Ding, Dr. Ding without referring to you, is that what you want us to believe, that it is possible that Ding did this without referring to you at all?
A No, it is my opinion, or as far as I remember, I told Grawitz that it was necessary to test their technical applicability. I said that it would be good if Ding could work on it and learn something about it, and that was how the matter came up. I never heard of Ding's negotiating with the Army. I don't think that he had an opportunity to.
MR. HARDY: May it please your Honors, it may be necessary for me to use another two or three minutes to complete the term of this subject, and I request to be allowed to go overtime.
Q Well now, did Gildemeister ever talk to you about these problems, yellow fever testing of vaccine? Do you know whether or not Gildemyister-
A I certainly never talked to Gildemeister about it.
Q Did you ever hear or do you know as a fact or did you hear it at any conference or did you receive correspondence to the effect that Gildemeister had performed experiments on human beings to establish the harmlessness of yellow fever vaccines, that is any place, in his institute on volunteers, or any particular phase of experiments, exclusive of concentration camps inmates?
A No, I only know that the Robert Koch Institute, that Gildemeister was producing yellow fever vaccine shows from this entry in the diary. I din't know about it. I had no very close contact with Gildemeister myself, and I didn't know what work he was doing. Of course, I knew that he was working on viruses but which virus I did not know.
Q Well now, did the Behring-Werke ever send any sample batches of yellow fever vaccine directly to you?
A I don't believe so. The packing which Dr. Schmidt described with a long neck, I never saw that myself. I would have had to see it, wouldn't I? Therefore, I don't believe that the vaccine was sent to me. It was probably sent directly.
Q Well now, did the Behring-Werke or Schmidt or you supply Ding and his deputy, Hoven, here with these yellow fever vaccines to test in his institute, you supplied Ding with these vaccines so that he could make these tests as outlined in his diary. Were they sent to you and then forwarded to Ding, or were they sent directly to Ding, or were they forwarded to the institute in Cracow, or were they forwarded to the Military Medical Inspectorate? How did he get them?
A There were two possibilities. Presumably, as in other cases, Ding went to the Robert Koch Institute and the Behring Works, personally wrote to them or telephoned to them and asked them to send such and such quantities, and he probably got this vaccine of the O.K.H. through the Central Medical Depot of the Waffen SS, which in turn probably got it from the main medical depot of the army.
Q All right. Doctor, you state that you didn't know of any working agreement with the army to test vaccines, is that right? Think hard now.
A It is possible that you could call this a working agreement. I would not want to deny that categorically. It is quite possible that we discussed it, this testing.
Q All right then, did you ever agree with Schrieber that you would take care of the testing for him in your organization? Yes, or no, Doctor? You can answer that yes or no.
A In this form, no, but in another form I agreed with him that for our troops or divisions we were going to test vaccine. We were interested in that. For the other vaccine of the army we had no interest and it is that was sufficient for Mr. Schreiber, for if these tests were all right the assumption can be made that the rest is all right too.
Q Well, Doctor, you make this examination most difficult with this inconvenient memory you have. I want to show you a document now No. 1305, which will be offered for identification as Prosecution's Exhibit No. 469. Now, this document is dated 5 January 1943, five days before the entry in the Ding diary of 10 January 1943 concerning yellow fever vaccine tests. The further we go along, Doctor, the further your presumption or contention that the diary is a fraud is being rebutted, you will notice.
This letter is dated 5 January 1943, to SS Standartenfuhrer Dr. Mrugowsky, Director of the Hygienic Institute of the Waffen SS:
"My dear Dr. Mrugowsky:
"We have been informed by Oberstarzt Dr. Schreiber that every batch of yellow fever vaccine must be tested on human beings before it is given to the Army. Since we have to deliver 30,000 doses of yellow fever vaccine to the Medical Inspectorate in January, there will be a series of batches during January, which are to be tested on human beings. Oberstarzt Dr. Schreiber has told us that in the future the tests on human beings will be made through your office. We will therefore permit ourselves to send you, at certain intervals, samples of the various batches. We request information as to whether we also have to send the future batches to Dr. Hoven at Buchenwald.
"We suppose that also the tests on human beings by President Gildemeister occur in the main for the purpose of establishing their harmlessness. Accordingly, it should be possible to let us know the test results 2 weeks after the samples have been received at the latest.
"We thank you very much in advance for your trouble and remain with Heil Hitler I. G. Farbeinindustrie A. G.Dept.
Behring works Marburg."
Do you remember receiving that letter, Doctor?
A Yes, I received that letter. One can understand the events only in connection with the strategic use of the divisions which was intended at the time.
There is danger of yellow fever only in Central Africa. Only those had to be vaccinated who would advance into this region. According to this operational plan those were the two divisions of the Waffen-SS which were near Tunis and were to advance towards Dakar. They had to be vaccinated and equipped first. Therefore, in connection with the preparation for this action it had been discussed that the divisions of the SS were to be given preference and were to be equipped with all necessary things That is, clothing, food, vaccinations, etc. As this letter shows, we were to receive the first batches of production from the Behring Works. That 30,000 doses would not have been sufficient for our needs. Two divisions are 40,000 men and a few of these were to be tested for tolerance, etc. That was purely a Waffen-SS matter.
Q This document does indicate that your organization had a working agreement with the army, doesn't it? To test the vaccines?
A No, in this general form that is not correct.
Q That is not the question, Doctor. This document does indicate that Dr. Schreiber stated the tests for yellow fever will be made through your organization. Doesn't it state that?
A Yes, we were interested in those which were to be tested. That was an SS interest. On the other hand, we were used for the army in connection with Schreiber and Rodenwald. That explains the matter.
MR. HARDY: This is a good breaking point, Your Honor. I have still further cross examination tomorrow.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will be in recess until 9:30 tomorrow morning.
(A recess was taken until 0930 hours, 3 April 1947)
Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America, against Karl Brandt, et al., defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, Germany, on 3 April, 1947, 0930, Justice Beals Presiding.
THE MARSHAL: Persons in the court room will please find their seats.
The Honorable, the Judges of Military Tribunal I.
Military Tribunal I is now in session. God save the United States of America and this honorable Tribunal.
There will be order in the court room.
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Marshal, have you ascertained that the defendants are all present in court?
THE MARSHAL: May it please your Honors, all defendants are present in the court.
THE PRESIDENT: The Secretary-General will note for the record the presence of all the defendants in court.
Defendant Mrugowsky - Resumed CROSS EXAMINATION BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Dr. Mrugowsky, after the completion of the series of experiments, Dr. Ding made a report at the medical conference at the Military Academy in Berlin in May, 1943. This report contained the results of his experimental work. It was given before Rose, Eyer, Schreiber, yourself, and others. Now, can you more specifically tell us who was in attendance at that meeting?
A. At this session of the third meeting of the consulting physicians there were about thirty or twenty five persons present. They were hygienists of the Army, some members of the Waffen SS, that is those who had to make a lecture, and I believe there were a few university professors, people who were not in uniform.
Q. Now Rose was there?
A. Yes.
Q. Professor Eyer was there?
A. Eyer was there too, yes.
Q. And Schreiber was there?
A. Schreiber was in charge of the meeting.
Q. He was the chairman of the meeting?
A. Yes.
Q. And now at this meeting the only thing which was discussed was the work of Ding at Buchenwald?
A. No, it was quite an extensive program. Dr. Ding's report was one of many. It lasted perhaps a quarter of an hour. The report of the meeting a brief excerpt from his speech. I believe you have submitted it as a Prosecution document. It is a very brief speech.
Q. Well now Ding tailed about the effectiveness of the four vaccines didn't he?
A. Ding spoke about the effectiveness of, I believe, it was six vaccines. That is clearly shown by the report of the meeting. I can't tell you exactly from memory.
Q. Well, did Ding make it very clear that the experiments were being conducted on prisoners in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp?
A. No, he didn't say a word about that. The lecture was similar to the report which I revised on the 5 May 1942. It was not necessarily evident that there were experiments on human beings. That could be seen only from Professor Rose's objection.
Q. Well, couldn't any intelligent doctor sitting in the audience have realized how they conducted these experiments?
A. No, certainly not.
Q. Well, how did Rose happen to object?
A. He was informed about the matter. He had visited Buchenwald himself He said that much more important than the series of experiments in themselves and what Ding had told him about it, was something else, the comparative observation of the patient in the sick bed.
Q. Well Schreiber knew about it, didn't he? He could have understook it from the meeting.
A. I can't tell you. After Rose had spoken and after Ding had answered briefly, Schreiber commented more or less to the effect that the legal questions were not up for discussion. That this question had been settled by very high government authorities. Those were not his words, but that was the sense of his words, and he did not want this part of the discussion to be put down in the record. There was no objection, and it was not recorded.
Q. Well now, doctor, who told you that Rose had objected?
A. I was there myself. I heard it.
Q. You heard it?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you recall on November 1, 1946, when asked by Mr. McHaney and myself whether or not any one objected at this meeting in May, 1943, that is, at the meeting at which Ding reported on his activities and experiments, and you said: "Nein"?
A. I can't imagine that. If I said that I didn't understand your question.
Q. All right, I will call to your attention that a day or two previous to that, we had interrogated Rose at great length, and we asked you whether or not any one objected, whether or not any one was strenuously opposed to the work as outlined by Ding and you said nobody said a word. Do you remember that?
A. Yes, and that is quite true. Nobody had any objection to the paper which Ding had written, but that was something else than the speech which we were just talking about. You shouldn't confuse that.
Q I am not confused a bit, Doctor; you were very clear in that interrogation and I have to introduce it into evidence here in a few days. You were very clear in that interrogation that you did not know of any objections, at least you stated that at that time. Now who has refreshed your memory in the meantime, other than Professor Rose?
AAs far as the meeting was concerned, I always knew that Professor Rose had objected, but you were just talking about a paper which Ding had written. I assumed that our conversation was about that, and no objection was made to that.
Q All right. You knew that Rose, according to the Ding Diary, had visited Buchenwald prior to this meeting, that is, in about April of 1943. The meeting was in may. Pardon me, it was April or May of 1942 that he made his visit.
A Yes, it was a year before.
Q All right, now actually, according to what you have told us before, Rose talked to you about his visit to Buchenwald, didn't he?
A No, I cannot remember it. I don't believe so.
Q Well didn't you and Rose more or less agree in a conversation, or a conference, that the Behring Werke vaccine wasn't any good and that it was not to be used any further?
A The Behring vaccine was not produced any more before the time of this meeting. I believe that was brought about by the State, by Gildemeister, I believe, who was the competent man in the Ministry of the Interior.
Q Well, now, doctor, regarding the objection of Rose at this meeting in May of 1943, after the objection, it became obvious to all in attendance that the work of Ding was on concentration camp inmates at Buchenwald, did it not?
A Yes. Ding stood up afterwards and made an explanation. He said that first of all these experiments were carried out on criminals who had been condemned to death, and secondly, he said, that the approval, etc.
had been given by the highest government authority, and it is possible that he mentioned the name of Himmler but I am not certain about that. In my opinion this information was absolutely sufficient for those present. Everyone knew that for many decades, in all countries of the word, similar experiments had been conducted on criminals condemned to death. Why shouldn't it be done in Germany, too, and doubtless the audience relied on this information of Ding's.
Q Well, after these objections, and after it had been explained to everyone at the meeting that concentration camp inmates were being used, did anyone make an attempt to stop further experimentation at Buchenwald?
A I cannot say from my own experience. No one came to me. But I know from Mr. Rose that a large proportion of the audience talked to him about the question of permissibility. He says that, too, in the affidavit which is in my document book. Whether any objection was made to any competent agency, to Grawitz, or to Ding himself, I do not know, but it is possible that something was said to Ding about it, because Ding was quite excited for days afterwards.
Q Well, then, no one at that meeting interfered in the work of Ding or made an attempt to stop it, so that on 27 August 1943, he started another series of experiments wherein 53 of the persons subjected to the experiments died. Is that it?
A I do not know what you mean by "prevent." If a person is to prevent something he has to be in a position to do so. If I learn of some murder, say committed by somebody in a different city, I do not approve the murder, although I am in no position to prevent it, because it has already been committed, and I cannot prevent further murders. The only thing I can do is to refrain from committing murders myself. Not a single person in all this audience was in any position to exert any influence on the course of events. Please believe me that Himmler and Grawitz would not have let anyone interfere in their decisions. It was not so in Germany that everyone could make his opinion prevail. If any one of the high responsible men had made up his mind, he did not deviate from the orders which he had given.
I have a great experience in this field, and rather sad experience, with my superior Grawitz.
Q Well, we won't discuss the authority of Mrugowsky to intervene any further. It is obvious from the orders, from the reports, from the diary, from all this evidence here, that Mrugowsky could have interfered if he so saw fit. We will go on. Spotted Fever Vaccine Experimental Series No. 8. This is on page... You still have the German document book before you?
A No.
Q It will be on Page 49 of Your Honors' Document Book. This is the entry 8 March 1944 to 18 March 1944, pertaining to the experiments with the Copenhagen Vaccine. Do you have it doctor?
A Yes.
Q The first entry states:
"Suggested by Colonel M.C. of the air-corps, Prof. Rose (Oberst Arzt) the vaccine 'Kopenhagen' produced from mouse liver by the national serum institute in Kopenhagen, was tested for its compatibility on humans."
Now do you know anything about this suggestion by Professor Rose?
A That this vaccine series was carried out supposedly at the suggestion of Mr. Rose, I saw from the document here.
Q Do you know whether or not this entry is correct?
A The fact that the vaccine series was carried out I should consider true. I have no evidence to the contrary.
Q Did Rose ever approach you, to have you order Ding to carry out these experiments, or to have you take care of the matter?
A No. That would have had no purpose. I had no influence on Ding in this respect. I have told you repeatedly how the situation really was. You are assuming something that was not the case.
Q Now suppose Rose actually did suggest experiments be conducted to determine the efficacy of this Copenhagen Vaccine -- would he have approached. Ding directly?
A No, probably not. Probably he would have contacted Grawitz.
Q He would never think of going directly to Mrugowsky, Chief of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS?
A If he had come to me I would have sent him on to someone else. I would have said "My dear man, that does not have anything to do with me."
Q He would not have come to the man who Hoven thought was the Chief of Ding in Block 46, who Ding assumed was his Chief, who Kogen said was chief, who Kirchheimer said was the chief, who you own witness, Dr. Horn, said was the chief of Block 46? Mr. Rose, if he wanted that vaccine tested, would not go to the man that everybody that we have had in this courtroom said was the chief of Ding in his capacity as the chief officer in charge of Block 46 -- Rose would not go to you either, would he?
A Everything that has been said here was not said from the knowledge of these persons, but if you investigate carefully you will always discover even in what Dr. Kogon said or what Dr. Horn said, that it all goes back to one person, that is, the statements of Mr. Ding; and if you question them carefully they all say "Ding told me" or "I heard from Ding." An assertion which is false does not become true by being repeated a hundred times. In my opinion there is no proof whatever for this assertion. It is not a fact, only an assertion.
Q Well, now, doctor, it states here in connection with this experiment of the Copenhagen vaccine that 20 persons were vaccinated for immunization by intramuscular injections and 10 persons were contemplated for control and comparison. Now that means 30 persons were to be used in the experiments, and of course on the next page we see that 6 people died as the result of the experimental series. Now, where were these 30 persons obtained?
A I cannot say in detail, certainly not from the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS. They were from a concentration camp. No member of the Waffen-SS had any influence on the organization of these camps. It was a completely separate organization.
Q Well did you, Mrugowsky, ever write a letter requesting 30 inmates to be used, or 30 subjects to be set aside for Danish vaccine experiments?
A I was not in a position to issue any orders in this connection.
Q I asked you did you ever write a letter requesting that 30 prisoners be set aside for use in these experiments?
A Not that I know of.
Q Did you ever receive a letter stating that the 30 prisoners or 30 people would be set aside, say, for instance, from the man who allocated these people, S. S. Obergruppenfuehrer Oswald Pohl?
A I certainly did not receive any letter from Pohl in this connection. I never corresponded with Pohl.
Q Did you receive a letter from anyone?
A If you mean that a report was sent out about this matter, it is possible that it went through my institute.
Q I am not referring to a report; I ask you clearly and distinctly do you know anything about the selection and allocation of these thirty people who were subjected to the spotted fever vaccine series No. 8, as outlined in the Ding Diary? You know nothing about that?
A I don't remember anything about that.
Q Let us refresh your memory a little bit, we will introduce Document NO-1188, which will be offered for identification as Prosecution Exhibit 470. Now, this letter is dated "Oranienburg near Berlin, 14 February 1944. Secret. Subject of the Letter: Testing of a Typhus Vaccine. Reference: Your letter dated 26 January 1944, Diary No. 82/44 - Dr. Mru/Schm." That is Dr. Mrugowsky. Your letter of 26 January, 1944, this is the answer to it:
"To the Reich Physician SS and Police Chief Hygienist." You sent a copy of the letter to Grawitz, The Reich Physician SS and Police. The text of the letter reads as follows:
"The requested authorization for testing the protective effect of a Danish vaccine on 30 inmates has been given by the SS Main Office Chief, SS-Obergruppenfuehrer and General of the Waffen-SS Pohl; the experiments must be limited however, to gypsies.
"Thirty appropriate gypsies will, therefore, be turned over to the Institute for Typhus Research at Buchenwald at an early date."
Signed The Chief of the Medical Service of SS Economic Administrative Main Office and Head of Office Group D 111, SS Standartenfuehrer Lolling.