Signed, Viktor Brack, Nurnberg, 14 October 1946."
The reason I have read this affidavit in full at this time is because it gives the Court an idea how the Euthanasia Program fitted in with the extermination of the Jews as well as the sterilization of the Jews and other so-called enemies of the Reich. This affidavit makes it very clear that the men who were trained over the period 1939 to 1941 in the extermination institutions here in Germany on insane persons were transferred than to the East and worked in collaboration with Globocnic and others in the extermination of the Jews there; and we also find that a prominent member of the Euthanasia Program, Dr. Schumann, was active with X-Ray sterilization in the concentrate camp at Auschwitz. We, of course, will have occasion to refer back to this document when we come to that portion of the case dealing in detail with the Euthanasia Program.
MR. MCHANEY: We turn now to Document No. 203 and which will be Prosecution Exhibit 161. This is a letter from the defendant Brack to the Reichfuehrer. It's dated 28 March 1941.
"Dear Reichsfuehrer:
Enclosed herewith for your information is the result of the investigations into the possibility of sterilization or castration respec ively by means of X-rays. I request your instructions as to what further theoretical or practical steps, if any, are to be taken in this matter.
Heil HITLER!
"BRACK"
MR. MCHANEY: On the next page of the English Document Book we find the report referred to in the cover letter. This is part of the same document and is, of course, part of Exhibit 161.
"Report on Experiments concerning X-ray Castration "The experi ments in this field are concluded. The following result can be considered as established and adequately based on scientific research.
"If any persons are to be sterilized permanently, this result can only be attained by applying X-rays in a dosage high enough to produce castration with all its consequences, since high X-ray dosage destroy the internal secretion of the ovary, or of the testicles respectively. Lower dosages would only temporarily paralyce the procreative capacity. The consequences in question are for example the disappearance of menstruation, climatoric phenomena, changes in the capillary growth, modification of metabolism, etc. In any case, attention must be drawn to these disadvantages.
"The actual dosage can be given in various ways, and the irradi ation can take place quite imperceptibly. The necessary local dosage for men is tpp to 600 r, for women 300 to 350 r. In general, an irradiation period of 2 minutes for men, 3 minutes for women, with the highest voltage, a thin filter and at a short distance, ought to be sufficient. There is however, a disadvantage that has to be put up w*** as it is impossible unnoticeably to cover the rest of the body with lead, the other tissues of the body will be injured, and radiologic malaise, the so-called "Roentgenkator", will ensue.
If the X-ray intensity is too high, those parts of the skin which the rays have reached will exhibit symptoms of burns - varying in severity in individual cases - in the course of the following days or weeks.
"One practical way of proceeding would be, for instance, to be the persons to be treated approach a counter, where they would be asked to answer some questions or to fill in forms, which would take them 2 or 3 minutes. The official sitting behind the counter could operate the installation in such a way as to turn a switch which would activate the two valves simultaneously, since the irradiation has to operate from both sides. With a two-valve installation about 150 to 200 persons could then be sterilized per day, and therefore, with 20 such installations as many as 3000 to 4000 persons per day. In my estimation a larger daily number could not in any case be sent away for this purpose. As to the expenses for such a two-valve system I can only give a rough estimate of approximately 20,000-30,000 RM. Additionally, however, there would be the cost of the construction of a new building, because adequately extensive protective installations would have to be provided for the officials on duty.
"In summary it may be said that, having regard to the present state of radiological technique and research, mass sterilizations by means of X-rays can be carried out without difficulty. However, it seems to be impossible to do this in such a way that the persons con cerned do not sooner or later realize with certainty that they have been sterilized or castrated by X-rays." Signed "Brack".
MR. MCHANEY: I think this document is so clear and complete that any comment by me would be entirely out of place. We turn now Document NO-204 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 162. This is a letter from the personal staff of Himmler to Victor Brack and this is dated 31 December 1941--no, I am sorry, your Honor, that's dated 12 May 1941.
There's some handwritten figures on the top which referred to a later date. However, the date of the letter is 12 May 1941 and it is addressed to the defendant Viktor Brack.
"A little while before his departure to Greece by plane the Reichsfuehrer-SS gave me the order to thank you very much for your report about the X-ray castration experiments forwarded to us with your letter of 28 March 1941. He has read the report with interest and will discuss this question with you at the first opportunity.
MR. MCHANEY: A copy was sent to the Chief of the Security Police and of the Security Service SS Major-General Heydrich. The next document will be NO-205 and will be Prosecution Exhibit 163. It's again from the defendand Viktor Brack to the Reichsfuehrer dated 23 May 1942.
"Dear Reichsfuehrer, "On the instructions of Reich-Leader Bouhler I placed some of my men already some time ago - at the disposal of Brigadefuehrer GLOBOCNIK to execute his special-mission.
On his renewed request I now transferred additional personnel. On this occasion Brigadefuehrer GLOBOCNIK stated his opinion that the whole Jew-action should be completed as quickly as possible so that one would not get caught in the middle of it one day if some difficulties should make a stoppage of the action necessary. You yourself, Reichsfuehrer, have already expressed your view, that work should progress quickly for reasons of camouflage alone. Both points which in priciple arrive at the same result are more than justified as far as my own experience goes; nevertheless would you kindly allow me to submit the following argument:
"Among to Millions of Jews, in Europe are, I figure, at least 2-3 Millions of men and women, who are fit enough for work. Considering the extraordinary difficulties, the labor problem presents us with I hold the view that these 2-3 millions should be specially selected and preserved. This can however only be done, if at the same time they are rendered incapable to propagate. About a year ago I reported to you that agents of mine have completed the experiments necessary for this purpose. I would like to recall those facts once more.
Sterilization as normally performed on persons of heriditary diseased, is here out of the question, because it takes too long and is to expensive. Castration by x-rays however is not only relatively cheap, but can also be performed on many thousands in the shortest time. I think, that at this time it is already irrelevant whether the people in question become aware of having been castrated after some weeks or months once they feel the effects.
"Should you, Reichsfuehrer, decide to choose this way in the interest of the preservation of labor, then Reichsleiter BOUHLER would be prepared to place all physicians and other personnel needed for this work at your disposal. Likewise he requested me to inform you, that then I would have to order the apparatus so urgently needed with the greatest speed.
Heil HITLER!
Yours Viktor BRACK"
MR. MCHANEY: Your Honors will recall that I stated that we are not here concerned with sterilization carried out on persons pursuant to the German statute dealing with hereditary diseases and the same statement is made in this letter in June 1942 by the defendant Brack. It says: "Sterilization, as normally performed on persons with hereditary diseases is here out of the question because it takes too long." They were not using sterilization here as a way to eliminate hereditary diseases. They were using sterilization to commit the crime of genocide.
The next document will be NO-206, which is Prosecution Exhibit 164. This is a letter from Heinrich Himmler, dated 11 August 1942, to "Dear Brack":
"It is only today that I have the opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 23 June. I am positively interested in seeing that the sterilization by X-rays is tried out at least once in one camp in a series of experiments.
"I will be very much obliged to the Reichleader Bouhler if, to begin with, he would place the expert physicians for the series of experiments at our disposal.
"I will mail a copy of this letter to the Reich Physician SS and to the competent Chief of the Main Office for Concentration Camps.
Heil Hitler!
Yours H. Himmler" A copy to Pohl and a copy to Grawitz "For information.
By order" and the familiar initians B.R., being the defendant Rudolf Brandt.
Now we turn to Document NO-207 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 165. This letter is dated 14 August 1942 and it is from Blankenburg who, your Honors will recall, was mentioned in the Brack Affidavit as his deputy and it is written to:
"Dear Reichsfuehrer:
"By order of Senior Colonel Brack, who in the meantime has been transferred to the SS-Division Prinz Eugen, I acknowledge receipt of your letter of 11 August 1942 concerning sterilizations. As permanent deputy of Oberfuehrer Brack, I shall immediately take the necessary measures and get in touch with the Chief of the Main Offices for the Concentration Camps.
Heil Hitler!
Yours very respectfully Blankenburg."
The next document is NO-208 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 166. This is another letter from Blankenburg, dated 29 April 1944, to his "Dear Reichsfuehrer:" 538 "By order of Reich Leader Bouhler I submit to you as an enclosure a work of Dr. Horst Schumann on the influence of X-rays on human genital glands.
"Previously you have asked Senior Colonel Brack to perform this work, and you supported it by providing the adequate material in the Concentration Camp Auschwitz. I point especially to the second part of this work, which shows that by those means a castration of males is almost impossible or requires an effort which does not pay. As I have convinced myself, the operative castration requires not more than 6 to 7 minutes, and therefore can be performed more reliably and quicker than the castration by X-rays.
"Soon I shall be able to submit a continuation of this work to you.
Heil Hitler!
Your much devoted Blankenburg."
And attached........ I thought we had the report but apparently we don't. But at this time I would ask the Tribunal to call to the stand the witness, Chaim Balitzki. We have only this morning at about 9:30 put in the defendants' information center the required notice of the calling of this witness. If there is any objection or any showing of inconvenience on the part of the Defense Counsel why, of course, we will postpone his examination until tomorrow morning. However, if there is no such objection it would fit in better into the record at this point, I think.
THE PRESIDENT: Is there any objection on the part of the Defense Counsel to calling the witness, Chiam Balitzki, at this time?
I hear none. The witness will be called.
CHAIM BALITZKI, a witness, took the stand and testified as follows:
BY THE PRESIDENT:
Q. Is your name Chaim Balitzki?
A. Yes.
Q. I will administer the oath. Hold up your right hand and repeat after me:
I swear that the evidence I shall give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.
A. I swear that I will tell the truth and the full truth, so help me God.
THE PRESIDENT: Sit down.
DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. MCHANEY:
Q. Your name is Chaim Balitzki?
A. Yes.
Q. When and where were you born?
A. Dzialoszyci, Poland, 28 February 1920.
Q. You are a citizen of Poland?
A. Yes.
Q. Are you Jewish?
A. Yes.
Q. What is your present address?
A. Constance on Lake Constance.
Q. What is the street number there in case..............
A. Schaeferstrasse, 20.
Q. Will you give the Tribunal a short statement of your life history?
A. Yes. Should I answer questions or shall I tell the story myself?
Q. Just go on and tell a short story of your life history in your own words.
A. Yes. First, I should like to ask the Court that my name should not be given to the press and no pictures to the press. I volunteered as a witness. That is the first thing, and now I will tell my life.
My parents had a store at Dombrova. I attended the Hebrew school and high school. In 1939 the Germans came and we had to do forced labor. I worked in a concern in Bedzin in a laundry shop. Later, I was put in a ghetto and the 1st of August 1943 there was a transfer, a resettlement and I was sent to Auschwitz. In 1942 my parents were resettled together with my younger brother. They are no longer living. My two sisters were also put into labor camps and they are living. They are with me.
I arrived in Auschwitz. I was there in quarantine for four weeks. After the quarantine, I was put in Camp B to work for road building. I was in Camp B four weeks. Then the block secretary told us that twenty men, aged twenty to twenty-four healthy people, had to report for work. I didn't report. I was a little suspicious because they said "twenty to twenty-four years old". They were taken away. Later they came back. No one knew what had happened to them. They didn't want to tell about it. They were afraid. They had to go back to work immediately. A few days later, they did not call for volunteers but, according to the alphabet, they took people -a group of twenty men a piece. Because my name starts with "B" I was one of the first. We were taken to the women's camp at Birkenau. We waited about an hour or two hours. A Luftwaffe officer came -- a tall man -- on a motorcycle. He took us to a machine and sterilized us. It took about fifteen or twenty minutes. That hurt, and afterwards we had to put our clothes on and go right back to work. We had to work very hard. Some of us after two or three days --- a pus began to form. They had to work anyhow until they fell down and then were taken to a hospital and I do not believe any of them are alive now.
After two weeks after the sterilization a group of my comrades and I were taken on foot -- we had to walk to Auschwitz 1, and we were given an injection and put on the operation table. We were told nothing. We were ordered to get on the table. The operation was performed. My testicles were removed.
Q. Witness, do not be afraid.
A. Please excuse me for crying.
I was there three weeks in the Auschwitz hospital. Then there was a selection and 60% of our lot were taken to be gassed. Afterwards I was afraid and I left the hospital when I was still sick and went back to work. I was put to work. I had to work very hard and I was beaten very much. I went through a bombing and I was lucky I got through it. Afterwards, I was there until the 18th of January 1945.
On the 18th of January 1945, the Russians were to arrive. We had to evacuate. We went oh foot -- a group of four thousand people. A few thousand were shot on the way. Whoever could not keep up was shot. We were chased, we were beaten. We had to carry the guards' baggage although we were very weak and we came to Gross-Rosen. From there were evacuated again to Dachau. In Dachau I arrived on the 28th of February 1945. I was there four weeks. We were put in a block -- Block 19. On one side was Block 17 and on the other side, 21. There were sick people there -- French, Poles and Russians -- they had typhoid fever. We were put in between so we would get sick too but that had no effect and, after four weeks, we were put in Waldlager near Ampfing. That is about 60 kilometers from Dachau and we were put to work there. We were in the woods; there were no barracks. There were big ditches with a wooden roof on top. That is where we slept all winter. We were very cold. Three men had a torn blanket. I had very little to eat. I had to work very hard. We had to carry bags of cement to the construction site. We had to run; we were beaten very much. Every day a full car load of dead people were taken back from the camp.
Q. Witness, I will ask you a few questions now which I will want you to answer.
A. Please. Go ahead.
Q. This first time that you were sterilized was in October, 1943?
A. August, September -- that is right.
Q. And that was done by means of an X-ray machine?
A. That was done by rays. I do not know what kind of rays. I am not a doctor -- I only say what I know. A Luftwaffe officer - a tall man -- did that. That is what I saw. I don't know what kind of rays they were.
Q. Did they protect your thighs with any sort of lead sheeting or other material?
A. Yes, plates. Two plates were put between the legs.
Q. In spite of this protecting material did you receive burns on your thighs? 542
A. Yes, I am still burned today. You can still see it today.
Q. And then, as I understand your testimony, approximately two weeks later you had your testicles removed?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you know why that was done?
A. No. Because I am a Jew -- I know that much.
Q. Do you know any of the doctors or other people in the camp who did these things to you?
A. No, but I asked at Auschwitz: "Who does these things?" I heard of name. The name of Dr. Schumann and I remembered that name and I remember it until today but I do not know that person myself.
Q. How many other boys were subjected to these rays with you the first time?
A. Operated on with me were twenty people, but transports were arrive all the time -- every few days, every few weeks. Many transports arrived.
Q. Did they tattoo a number on your forearm while you were in the ca**
A. Yes. I have a number 132266.
Q. Will you show that to the Tribunal, please?
A. Yes. (Indicating tattoo to Tribunal)
Q. Do you know whether or not any of the other boys who were sterilized with you died as a result of the sterilization?
A. From the sterilization, no. But later many were gassed. Very few are still alive.
Q. Did you have pictures made of you when you were here in Nurnberg several weeks ago?
A. When? In Nurnberg? Yes.
Q. I will show to the witness pictures which are documents NO-819and I ask you if these are pictures made of you in Nurnberg six weeks ago?
A. Yes
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal please, I offer these pictures as Prosecution Exhibit 167.
JUDGE SEBRING: I would suggest, Mr. McHaney, that they be offered as 167-A, B, C, D, and E if you are offering all of them.
MR. McHANEY: You are quite correct, your Honor; I shall. BY MR. McHANEY:
Q. Witness, you state you are now living in Konstance?
A. Yes.
Q. Are you living there with your sisters?
A. Yes; my sisters are in Konstance in a community home. They are with me.
Q. Do they know of your condition?
A. No.
Q. And that is the reason you asked the Tribunal not to permit the publishing of your name or pictures of your?
A. Yes, that is the reason. The reason is that I have many friends a I am very much ashamed. I asked once more that my name not be published in any way.
MR. McHANEY: I have no further questions -- if the defense has no question to ask.
THE PRESIDENT: It is the order of the Tribunal that no photographs of this witness be taken and published and no reference to his testimony be published by either the members of the press or anyone else. Do any of the defense counsel desire to cross-examine this witness? The Court will not recess until nine-thirty tomorrow morning. I want to make an announcement before we recess. In the morning the Tribunal will announce the ruling on the witness Neff whether he should be falled and the matter will be discussed by the Tribunal this evening.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal will recess until nine-thirty in the morning.
(The Tribunal adjourned until 0930 hours, 17 December 1946)
Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America, against Karl Brandt, et al., defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, Germany, on 17 December 1946, 0930-1630, Justice Beals, presiding.
THE MARSHAL: The Honorable Judges of Military Tribunal 1.
Military Tribunal 1 is now in session.
God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal.
There will be order in the court.
THE PRESIDENT: Marshal, will you ascertain whether or not the defendants are all present.
THE MARSHAL: May it please Your Honor, all the defendants are present in the court.
THE PRESIDENT: The Secretary General will note that fact for the record.
The Tribunal will now announce its ruling in the matter of the proposed witness Neff. The ruling of the court will be pronounced by Judge Sebring.
JUDGE SEBRING: Gentlemen of the prosecution and the defense, during the course of the trial session held yesterday afternoon the prosecution made an oral motion before the Tribunal that one Walter Neff be called to the witness stand as a court witness. As the Tribunal understands the assertions of the prosecution, they are that the said Walter Neff is believed to have been an eye witness to many of the allegedly criminal medical experiments for which the defendants are now on trial, that he is one of the few eye witnesses now available to the prosecution; that he is being personally held in physical custody by the occupational authorities upon suspicion of having been an active participant in such experiments; that he may in some subsequent proceeding be indicted for such participation in such experiments and be tried as a war criminal, which fact is known to him; that for this reason the prosecution is of the belief that the witness may prove to be a hostile witness and consequently, the prosecution does not care to call him as its own witness and thus vouch for his veracity or credibility.
Now, on the other hand, does it want to take an unfair advantage of the witness by requiring him to make statements under the compulsion of an oath when such statements may be used against him in a subsequent criminal proceeding.
The Tribunal is concerned, of course, with learning the whole truth about the charges now pending against the defendants in the dock. At the same time, it is equally concerned with protecting the rights of persons who may be subsequently brought to trial on charges of criminality.
With these considerations in mind, the Tribunal has come to the following conclusions:
1. The witness Walter Neff will be called to the witness stand and placed under oath as a court witness under which status both the prosecution and the defendants will be permitted to examine him as though he were being interrogated on cross examination.
2. In order adequately to protect the rights of the witness, however, the Tribunal now advises the prosecution that when the said Walter Neff is brought to the witness stand and placed under oath, but before he has given any material testimony, the Tribunal intends to warn him that because of possible active participation by him in certain medical experiments conducted at Dachau concentration camp on human subjects, the American authorities may decide to file criminal charges against him and try him as a war criminal, in which event any statements made by him under oath can and may be used against him in such prosecution; that consequently he may refuse to answer any questions put to him which in his opinion tend to incriminate him.
If the prosecution wishes the defendant called under the conditions prescribed by the Tribunal, the Tribunal will have him called as a court witness.
THE PRESIDENT: The prosecution may proceed.
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal please, the ruling made by the court with respect to the witness Walter Neff is satisfactory to the prosecution and we would like to have him called today following the testimony of the witness HEINRICH STOEHR.
At the present time I would like to ask that the witness Robert Levy be called to the stand to testify with respect to sterilization.
DR. SERVATIUS: (Counsel for the defendant KARL BRANDT): Mr. President, before the witness comes may I ask a question about the form of the affidavit which the defense can submit.
THE PRESIDENT: Does counsel mean a summary of the nature of the testimony which the witness will give?
DR. SERVATIUS: No, Mr. President. What I mean is the following, the sworn statements, written statements, which we want to bring in place of the witness in order to shorten the proceedings for other reasons, and in what form must we submit them; who can take this testimony. In the proceedings before the International Military Tribunal, a German notary, or in certain cases the attorney himself, could certify these affidavits. In the further course of the proceedings when the organizations were being tried it was decided that only an allied officer could make such a certification.
Now, I ask, I believe in the name of my colleagues as well, for a decision of the court as to the form in which we can submit such statements now. According to German Law it can be given only before a judge, so that a sworn statement in the form in which it is submitted under English and American Law cannot be given in Germany. Anyone can make an affidavit which is binding and under the signatures certify. That was the proceeding which was at first approved by the International Military Tribunal. Later a change was made in the case of the organizations. The witnesses in most cases were mostly in camps where there was an allied camp officer on hand to certify the statements. We got a number of letters and documents which we cannot submit without some statement as to whether they are sworn, certified, whether they actually come from the author.
We ask the court for a decision.
THE PRESIDENT: Counsel will submit in writing a statement of the place in which they desire the Tribunal to rule upon. It will be considered and an answer will be given as soon as possible.
JUDGE SEBRING: Doctor, I am not so sure that I know the full import of your question. Is it this, that you are concerned when it comes time for defense counsel to present the cases on behalf of their clients, to know what the tribunal will require as a certification or a jurat to such affidavits as will be submitted by the defendants? Is that the import of your inquiry, sir?
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes. We have no affidavit in the English sense, only a statement in lieu of it which is not made before a notary or any authority but which anyone can make in handwriting at any time. Only the signature must be certified. Under German Law the certification of the signature is not required but that is how it was ordered in the first trial.
JUDGE SEBRING: Can you state at this time from what sources those affidavits or statements will be obtained generally?
DR. SERVATIUS: I did not quite understand.
JUDGE SEBRING: As I understand, you now are looking into the future with the purpose of determining, perhaps during the court recess, the type of affidavit or statements you will prepare when the time comes that the defendants meet the charges of the prosecution. Is that true?
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes.
JUDGE SEBRING: Can you say now where generally those affidavits will be obtained? That is, will they be obtained from persons who are in the American Zone, let us say?
DR. SERVATIUS: They will be witnesses from all zones. I have received notices from Berlin from the British Zone; and I should like to submit them as affidavits. I should like to have a ruling of the Court as to the form in which they will be accepted.
JUDGE SEBRING: The Court has been giving some consideration to the possibility of a court-appointed official, perhaps a commissioner, who will have power either to approve forms or to certify affidavits or perhaps to be present at the time statements are taken. If he is appointed, you understand that he will be answerable only to the Tribunal and will stand as a disinterested and impartial court official as between the prosecution on the one hand and the defendants on the other.
But, as the presiding judge has suggested, if you gentlemen will be good enough to prepare the nature of your inquiry in writing and place it before the Tribunal, the Tribunal then, I think, will be in a better position to rule.
DR. SERVATIUS: I will submit it in writing.
MR. McHANEY: I will ask that the witness Robert Levy be called to the stand.
THE PRESIDENT: The Marshal will summon the witness Robert Levy.
DR. ROBERT LEVY, a witness, took the stand and testified as follows:
BY THE PRESIDENT:
Q. Will the oath be administered to this witness in French or in German?
A. French.
Q. Hold up your right hand. You will repeat the oath after me:
I swear to speak without fear or favor, to say the truth, all the truth and only the truth. I swear it.
(The witness repeated the oath.)
THE PRESIDENT: Sit down, please.
DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. McHANEY:
Q. Your name is Robert Levy?
A. Yes sir.
Q. You are a French citizen?
A. I am a French citizen.
Q. You speak both French and German?
A. Yes sir.
Q. But you prefer to be interrogated in French?
A. I should prefer to be interrogated in French.
Q. You were born May 20, 1894, in Detweiler-aux-Rhine, France?
A. Detweiler.
Q. What is your present residence address?
A. I am living at the present time in Strassbourg.
Q. And what is the street address there in case we should ever wish to find you again?
A. 13 Rue du General Gourand.
Q. Thank you. Are you a doctor by profession, Witness?
A. I am a doctor and surgeon in Strassbourg.
Q. Will you please tell the Tribunal when and where you received your medical education?
A. I made my medical studies at the Faculty of Strassbourg from 1913 to 1920. I specialized from 1920 to 1924 in Strassbourg also.
Q. And did you practice in the Surgical Clinic of the Strassbourg University?
A. I specialized in the Surgical Clinic of the Faculty of Strassbourg.
Q. You took your state examination in medicine in 1920?
A. Yes sir.
Q. Did you obtain the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the Strassbourg University in 1922?
A. Yes sir.
Q. Did you practice in Paris?
A. I studied my special branch in Paris subsequently.
Q. Will you describe your practice following 1924; that is to say, what you did?
A. From 1924 to 1939 I was a specialist in Strassbourg.
Q. Were you attached to some hospital there?
A. I was clinical surgeon at the Surgical Clinic in Strassbourg.
Q. What did you do from 1939 on?