The material coordination and the stoppage of the supply channels to the Luftwaffe made no difficulties whatsoever. However, what rightly was considered by the Luftwaffe as their property were the tasks and the work which was in connection with special affairs of the air forces and in connection with our field, aviation medicine. I, and the former medical chief of the air force and the last medical chief of the air force, Schroeder, never had any doubt that aviation medicine and its research was a special sphere which could not form within the coordination of other tasks and could not be coordinated by the Chief of the Armed Forces Medical Service. The same was true in the case of medical research work of the Navy, which often had to specialize in hygenic and special medical research with reference to things peculiar to the Navy. I refer to U-Boat hygiene, and whatever else may be in connection with the service of the Navy at sea. There was never any quarrel about that, because from the very beginning there was a clear differentiation made.
Q Does that conclude your description and report with reference to your jurisdiction on the basis of the decree of 1942?
A I have yet to mention the Army. In the case of the Army, the relationships were very simple, since at the same time I was at the head of the Medical Service of the Army. All armed forces branches knew exactly that the Army could not give any of their bases away, but rather that they had to receive some more, and I should like to say something in that connection in order to clarify the situation. At some point the prosecution put the question to a witness, "how the numerical relationship between the Army and the other armed forces branches were, whether air force and Navy together were larger than the Army" and for that reason I should like to speak about these numbers in round figures. I, as Army Medical Inspector, that is during the war years of 1942 to 1944, in agreement with OKW, had to deal with the standard figure of the Army of 10 million, and that was the basis on which I planned. The strength of the Air Force amounted at its peak to around two million. That was a fifth of the strength of the Army. The Navy probably never exceeded onehalf or one-fourth of a million. From that one can see clearly that the Air Force in relationship to the Army was one-fourth to three-fourths, -- rather one-fifth to four-fifths. 2843
Q May I now summarize your jurisdiction on the basis of the decree of 1942, first with reference to the Wehrmacht Branch and the Waffen SS, on the basis of the decree of 1942 as Chief of the Medical Services, you had not authority, is that correct?
A Yes, that is correct.
Q As far as a coordination of mutual spheres of work was striven for by you and reached, you had a technical right of giving directions and exercising controls, is that correct?
A Yes.
Q Thirdly, the research system did not belong to this sphere, that is Figure 1 of the decree of 1942?
A No, not the research system, only medical measures which could be adapted to a coordination. If I can give you an example, the common vaccinations which had to be carried through on the Army. That is the best available for the necessity of such a coordination. For in special parts of front, where for instance the Army, Navy and Air Force were working along side of one another, and were committed together, the type of innoculation as well as the time of innoculation, or a prevention, for instance in the case of malaria, differs in the case of all the three Wehrmacht branches. Of course, that was such a situation which could not last.
Q It is clear that the prosecution did not consider that sphere of research system, and I am referring to what you have just mentioned, which was coordination in reference to innoculation with proven vaccines. Fourth, I want to say something regarding other medical service of the Waffen SS; there was only a technical right of giving directives for troops who were located at the front, and during the time of combat, is that correct?
A With reference to front territory, there was clearly a technical subordination. One has to imagine that these divisions were first subordinated to the Corps Commander, the Corps Commander to the Army Commander, the Army Commander to the Troop Commander and the Troop Commander to the Supreme Commander of the Army. In the same way the subordination of a Division Physician of such a system was carried through, that is Corps Army Physician, Tro Army Physician, Army Physician and Army Medical Inspector.
There was a very clear subordination for the medical service of these divisions. But not for the medical service as such, no.
Q Why not?
A Because these divisions could not deal with medical service or rather medical affairs, that is research, assignment, and so forth.
Q Now,-
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal, please, I think it would be helpful if the interpreter would use the German word Sanitaetsdienst as distinguished from Sanitaetswesen. I think that is the distinction the witness is trying to denote, and when translated into English it is extremely difficult to follow, I think if he would use the words Sanitaetsdienst and Sanitaetswesen, which the witness uses, in drawing this distinction, I think it might be easier to follow.
THE INTERPRETER: I thank you, Mr. McHaney, for this suggestion.
DR. NELTE: It is one of the most essential points to define the difference between Sanitaetsdienst and Sanitaetswesen. We will see that during the course of the further presentation of evidence.
Q Now, I should like you to look at the decree of August 1944, and the official directive dated the same day -
DR. NELTE: Mr. President, you have both of these documents in your possession.
Q (continued) Would you please state what difference there was between the decree of 1944 and the jurisdiction which you received there and the decree of 1942, and the tasks which were then intended for you? In the decree of the year of 1944, it says "In extension of my decree of 1942."
A In the decree of 1944 it has to be pointed out that here in addition to the decree of 1942, it is being expressed that we are concerned with a stronger ability to gather strength in the sphere of medical services. The decree of 1942 spoke of the coordination of material and personnel, and here one would have to add the words "still stronger," and if you add these words and take note of them you will understand what is being meant. The difference as regards to 1942 are very clear and obvious, and authority to issue orders being given, which however, confines itself and limits itself to a technical authority to issue orders to the medical chiefs of the Armed Forces Branches, with reference to the Waffen SS and other units, as far as it deals with their activity within the armed forces.
Q. In order to enable the Tribunal to understand better, would you state what difference there is between authority to issue orders as such and technical authority or authority to issue orders in technical matters?
AAn authority to issue orders as such presupposes a relationship of superior and subordinate; that is to say, that anyone who has a total authority to give orders must be a superior. Then, we further have to differentiate between a total authority to issue orders and a limited authority as it is here, limited to technical matters.
Here this authority is technically limited to the Sanitaetsdienst, and one may understand it better if I say that a medical officer always had two superiors; one military superior that was his divisional commander, his regimental commander, his commander or supreme commander, and on the other hand he had a technical superior that was his army physician, division physician or regimental physician. An authority to issue orders in technical matters it has to be understood that the chief of the armed forces medical service in technical matters could give an order to the chief of the medical services of the Luftwaffe, but you have to add, without his becoming a superior on the strength of that authority.
I shall later come back to this superiority relationship. The next thing was the separation of the personnel union between the chief of the armed forces medical service and the armed forces medical inspector; that is, the creation of independence of the office of the chief of the armed forces medical services and the appointment of a new medical inspector of the army and army physicians.
In connection with that a new working staff was created belonging to the chief of the armed forces medical services. The third new thing created was the notation in the Fuehrer order to the effect that the official directive by General Keitel had the approval of the Fuehrer; that is to say, a sanction by the Fuehrer.
Q You said that you then received a new staff. In order to give us a picture of the situation can you tell me how large the staff after 1943 was in relationship to 1 September 1944, as far as the budget was con cerned?
A The chief of the medical services of the armed forces had, in the year of 1942, one medical officer of the Air Force, one medical officer of the Navy, one registration official, and a few clerks. The staff of the chief of the medical services of 1944 comprised about thirty medical officers belonging to all the armed forces branches, and about seventy other employees.
Q Did that include officers of the Waffen SS?
A No, they were officers of the Army Air Force and Navy. A suggestion of mine that a number of SS physicians were to be included into that staff was rejected by the Waffen SS.
Q Why did you want to include medical officers of the Waffen SS in your staff?
A I emphasized before that I had no possibility to gain any insight into the personnel and material situation of the SS, and I was of the opinion that in this manner I would succeed in receiving such an insight. When my suggestion was rejected this channel, of course, was blocked.
Q. On the strength of the decree of 1944 did an extension with reference to the Waffen SS arise?
A No, in no way at all. The numerical relationship of the SS divisions who were committed in the Wehrmacht had become different. I should merely like to correct a figure that I mentioned before. I previously mentioned the year of 1941 when speaking about divisions of the Waffen SS, whereas I should have spoken about 1942. In the year of 1942 there were nine divisions of the Waffen SS at the Eastern front, but with the decree of 1944 nothing was changed in my relationship towards the Waffen SS compared to the year of 1942.
DR. NELTE: Mr. President, in that connection I refer to the official footnote in the official directives intended for the chief of the armed forces medical service, dated the 7th of August 1944, which is before you.
Q In this footnote it says in this sense the Armed Forces, the Army Air Force, Navy as well as the units of the Waffen SS subordinated to the Wehrmacht and the organizations and units included within the framework of the Wehrmacht; that is to say, this relationship of subordination just as before referred to that part of the Waffen SS and that part of the medical service of the Waffen SS that was committed at the front?
A Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: When counsel refers to an exhibit if he would give the number of the exhibit for the record it would make reference much easier.
DR. NELTE: This was already mentioned by me before, since we were dealing with an exhibit of the prosecution.
THE PRESIDENT: I understand that, but if the number of the prosecution exhibit were included in the record together with counsel's statement it would make future reference to that exhibit some other time more convenient. Counsel need not go back and cite these numbers, but in the future when attention is called to an exhibit already in evidence, if the number of the exhibit could be mentioned it would facilitate examination of the record later.
DR. NELTE: We are here concerned with Document No-227 in Document Book Number 1 of the prosecution, page 18, and Exhibit 6.
Q Won't you please continue? Extensive authorities and extensive tasks were planned. Wherein were they extended? The staff that you mentioned was intended to be your working staff, intended for larger functions, what were these larger functions which you were to assume from that period on?
A These interpretations are not quite correct. One must not forget that up to that time the working staff of the chief of the medical service of the armed forces was given by the people from the Army Inspectorate with reference to the material and technical tasks that had to be performed. The Army Medical Inspectorate was an office with over two hundred people. Among them I am sure there were fifty or sixty medical officers. After the regulation of the year of 1944 that meant a separation of the chief of the armed forces medical services with the army inspectorate, the personnel that was at the disposal up to that time had be substituted by new personnel of necessity.
That was a necessity, automatic necessity, in order to create an extensive independent staff of one's own.
Q When was this new decree put into effect?
A It came into effect with the 1st of September 1944, and I think the month of September 1944 passed before the individual medical officers arrived in Berlin from the various Wehrmacht branches, until their housing was settled, most of all until the female clerks had been employed. One could well say that we started to work on the 1st of October.
Q. What did you actually do on the basis of your new tasks?
A. On the basis of my newly-given authority of issuing orders, I ordered at first that all Wehrmacht branches and the Waffen-SS give me an exact report about their personal and material strength at that time. Secondly, I started to see that the central departments who up to that point were still working within the framework of the Army Inspectorate were to be taken over and included in the staff of the Chief of the Armed Forces Medical Service. Furthermore, the sphere of Wehrmacht care and welfare was taken over from the Army Medical Inspectorate, then the Department of Voluntary Care for the Sick and basically the problem of care for prisoners of war. This, of course, extended this sphere of work quite considerably. Furthermore, there was introduced, and this was important for the military services, a central exploitation of the sick reports which came from the various Wehrmacht branches.
Q. I see under III under this Service Regulation 3 that as Chief of the Medical Service of the Wehrmacht you had the right to inspect certain units. Would you please say something about this right of inspection or right of control that you started to assume from the 1st of September, 1944?
A This right of inspection is limited to the Sanitaetsdienst Medical Service, to the Medical Unit, among others, roughly speaking, hospitals, and medical troops and institutions of the Armed Forces; that is to say, the various Armed Forces Branches. In addition to this limitation, the Chief of the Wehrmacht of the Medical Service had the obligation to report the results of such inspections to the various branches of the Armed Forces, or rather their Commanders. And there is the following to say in this connection: In my capacity as Medical Inspector of the Army, with the Army, I had an unlimited right of inspection. Whenever I did not want to, there was no necessity for me to inform any one about any intended inspection tour. During the years of my office, I also maintained the point of view that any inspection could only serve a purpose if it comes unexpectedly as possible, and that it would be completely nonsensical if days before an intended inspection all sorts of preparations were being made so that the man who is inspecting would be satisfied. With this limitation, namely, that the OKW was to be informed, the main purpose of such an inspection was lost. For these inspections that were carried through with the Chief cf the Wehrmacht Medical Service could never serve the purpose of controlling the medical works of hospitals for that was the right and the duty of the Medical Chiefs and their subordinated agencies. The purpose would have been to establish how the hospitals of one Armed Force are equipped with material and personnel in relation to the hospitals of another Armed Force Branch. Whether this purpose could have been fulfilled with such an inspection tour was highly questionable. For example, I wanted to emphasize particularly that the Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical Service did not have the right to appear as a controlling person at any branch of the Armed Forces. I am sure that the Chief of any such branch would have rejected this interference, rightly so.
Q Then, it appears that most of your authority was in your capacity as Medical Inspector of the Army?
A That is true. Generaloberst Fromm, who at that time was my superior in the whole army, and to whom I was subordinated as Army Medical Inspector, told me when the question become acute.
When preparations were made in the Spring of 1944, he said I would receive a high-sounding name, out I would remain a poor man, and that is actually what happened.
Q In the Service Regulations, I see under Roman Numeral II, Arabic 4a, what the duties of the medical Chief of the Wechrmacht will be. "A) In the medical scientific field uniform measures in the field of health guidance, research, and the combating of epidemica." Would you please state what can be understood in that connection under y our jurisdiction generally? We shall come to the research question later.
AAlready under the old Wehrmacht Medical Chief of 1942, and then strengthened by the Regulation of 1944, the mutual tasks in the field of Health Leadership, and that does not only mean innoculations, but that also includes directives and regulations for Hygiene with units, new regulations about troop Hygiene, the introduction of mutual vaccines, the discussion of questions whether it would be necessary to deal with the question of Influenza, and the combating of such a disease, and similar questions were dealt with.
Q Let us assume that you had in this sphere of Typhus--the Air Force was conducting research, that is to say, medical officers of the Air Force were dealing with that problem. On the basis of your authority, would you have had the obligation to interfere and to say that you must not deal with Typhus research and Typhus experiments; that is something that is being coordinated; that is being d no in Krakow, for instance, Professor Eyer is working on that or somebody else is working on it. Can your jurisdiction be understood an that manner?
A. Neither my jurisdiction can be understood in that manner nor would I have an occasion to do it nor would I have thought it correct to do it.
JUDGE SEBRING: I want to direct a question to the witness.
BY JUDGE SEBRING:
Q. Suppose you had learned, Doctor, that in these experiments they were being conducted under the circumstances Doctor Nelte has talked about, upon non-German nationals in concentration camps without their consent, and as a consequence scores of them were dieing from the medical experiments. Would that change your answer to the question?
A. If I had learned that which you have just described, the first question would have been in what sphere it was done, and by whom it was done. And, such a report which would have reached me as Chief of the Armed Forces Medical Service, I would have transmitted by official channels to the Medical Chief who was responsible for the persons concerned in the first place; that is, either the Army, Navy, or Air Force. And when transmitting this report, I would have asked him to supply me with information, asking him how the matter stood, whether it was correct or whether he knew anything about it. This would have ended one obligation on my part. The second obligation which would have resulted, but only after I received a confirmation from the Medical Chief concerned, would have been a report to my military superior; that would have been the Chief of QKW. And, no doubt I would have made a report to the Commissioner General because in the Service Regulations it said that he is to be informed about basic matters; and by that I also understand these important matters. As Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical Service I had no authority toward the individual medical officers. I would have had to turn to the medical chiefs of the various branches of the Armed Forces. The situation would have been clear in relation to the Waffen-SS; namely, that any such report about such happenings would have been reported to the Medical Chief of the Waffen--SS. In the latter case, however, there would have been a difference; namely, that this would have been matter outside the sphere of the Wehrmacht, and in that connection this would not nave been an official duty on my part, but merely a report to which I would have thought I was obligated to make.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will take a recess.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is again in session.
DIRECT EXAMINATION, Resumed.
BY DR. NELTE:
Q. Witness, every new regulation takes a certain time before it becomes effective. The decree of the 7th of August, 1944, was to go into effect on the 1st of September, 1944. Will you please tell me whether the new order as planned really went into operation before the collapse?
A. What had been planned could not be put into a real practical effect before the collapse. The main reason for this was that the agencies with which one had to work became so difficult and the transportation conditions became worse every day so that the connection no longer existed which would have been necessary in order to put the intentions of the new regulation into effect. One must not forget that as early as at the end of 1944 and above all in January and February of 1945 the supreme agencies of the Wehrmacht had gradually been transferred away from Berlin, in part to Thuringia; and when sent from one by railroad to establish certain contacts, one could count on being away for several days. But that happened not only to me; that happened to all agencies, as can be proved.
Q Then is it correct if I assume that your main activity from tho point of view of time and from tho point of view of subject matter fell under the decree of 1142?
A Yes, one can say that.
A I have had a diagram, a chart handed to you, which is called Medical Affairs of tho Wehrmacht" and to which you have sworn. Mill you please look a.t the chart and toll us what the document number is?
A No. 282
A It is in Document Book I of the Prosecution. Do you have anything to say about this chart which bears your signature?
A Yes, I have something to say. First, I must explain tho following:
The heading of this chart is "Wehrmacht Medical Service (Sanitaetsdienst) He When Mr. Rapp, who was interrogating mo asked mo about this Wehrmacht Medical Service (Sanitaetsdienst) he -showed me a sketch which ho had probably made, which contained tho Wehrmacht and Civilian Matters and the SS. I pointed out several errors and then I was given this sketch and I was to prepare a now one for tho Wehrmacht, that,is, for tho Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical Service and I did so. Now I must remark in connection with this sketch that the square at tho top above the Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical Service assigned to the Reich Commissioner, Professor Brandt, can or must give tho impression that he was a superior of the Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical Service. He was not. I considered it my duty to make that clear. In this connection I should like to say that a few days later I was shown a report of my career. I do not know who wrote it. I made at least fifteen to twenty corrections because it said a number of things which simply were not true. I recall that it said tho General Commissioner, Professor Dr. Brandt, was my military and medical superior. That may have boon at the end of this report of my career. In my corrections I crossed out the word "military", and, therefore, as I can remember it road "medical superior". In connection with my explanation that this is wrong, if one should assure from this sketch that Brandt was my superior, I should also like to correct this, if it is true that the word "military" superior was crossed out in the report of my career, but the word "medical" was loft. I would assume that this report is in the Document Book which contains all of tho careers of all tho defendants.
Q Then how would you describe your relationship with Professor Carl Brandt?
A I would explain that as has already been done here. According to the assignments he had coordinated between the Wehrmacht and the Civilian Sector, and that within the framework of his duties, if it had been necessary, could have given me instructions, whether general directives or in a specific case. I have one more tiling to say about this chart. I made some notations which are unfortunately hard to road. Those notes arose from the two interrogations and some questions concerning the request to prepare such a sketch. The Prosecutor has here referred to a note No. 5, which indicates a note concerning my typhus research institute at Krakow, whether, to what extent and in what way, there was correspondence between the Typhus Institute in Krakow and the Typhus Institute of the Weffen SS I do net know. In any case if there was any correspondence it did not go through my hands. The Prosecutor pointed out in connection with this sketch that this not a refers to a man who has a bad conscience in this connection. This note was made because I was shown a sketch, in which tho Research Institute at Krakow was listed under the Wehrmacht and tho Typhus Institute in Buchenwald was listed under the SS and a. line had boon drawn between the two. Thereupon, I crossed out this line with pencil, and said that was net right, there was no official connection here. Then I was asked specifically whether they had anything to do with oach other, and I answered as far I know, "no." Because of this incident, the sketch with tho connecting lino and the specific question I added note No. 5, as well as four other notes. This was done after a direct question. I have nothing else to say about this.
Q Now we come to another subject. You are held responsible for actions and omissions of persons for whom you bear tho responsibility. That is what tho indictment says. In view of the various positions which you hold I must make it clear what group of persons is concerned for whom you must boar responsibility please toll me who were tho heads of tho agencies of the Army Medical Inspectorate and tho "Wehrmacht Medical Service, if you were not present at tho seat of your agency?
A The regulations on this subject state very clearly in tho case of the Army Medical Inspector, as well as Chief of the Army Medical Service, the representative in all current business is the Chief of Staff.
By "current business" we mean the normal official business, and in addition to the correspondence there are only personal matters of medical officers who are considerably older than the Chief of Staff and have higher and special positions or if fundamental questions come up of special importance, in which the chief of staff is not in a position to refer to his absent inspector and if he must be reached immediately, in such cases my chief would have approached the oldest medical officer in the field or at homo, but that. hardly happened
Q. It will be very important whether you and knowledge of certain matter precisely, including reports. Therefore, I must ask you what was the course of the business, what happened when the mail was received in the agencies in the morning? How was it handled, and how was it distributed?
A. I shall take the Medical Inspectorate as an example. The procedure was the same with the Chief of the Wehrmacht. Medical Service. The so-called "open mail", the ordinary mail, was Sent to central office, the registry office, was opened by the registrar, and according to the contents was sent either to the Chief of Staff or the heads of the individual departments. "Secret matters" were entered in a special book and the procedure differed at different times, either all sent to the Chief of Staff or part to the Chief of Staff and part to the heads of departments. For "Top secret" matters there was a special register and these things were all sent to the Chief of Staff. A nose things, even the "top secret" things addressed to the Army Medical Inspectorate or representative - the Chief of Staff was empowered to open these. The only thing he could not open was what was sent as "top secret" with my name personally without the addition of the words "or representative in office" But those were extraordinary cases.
Q. I am asking you this because I should like to know whether on principle your Chiefs of Staff knew what was to come to your attention or what did come to your attention.
A. What came by mail they had to know as I have just described the procedure. The only exceptions would be the few "top secret" letters sent to my personal address.
Q. Would it not be a possible exception to be made f r things which the registrar sent directly to heads of departments?
A. Yes, that is true but the heads of departments again had the obligation to work on these matters and, according to the urgency, to present them to the chief of Staff, either immediately or within a few days just as the heads of the departments who reported to me when I was present first had to have reported these matters to the Chief of Staff.
Therefore, there remained only cases which were not questions of male, but where I had negotions or talks with someone. And, again one must distinguish between whether I was there alone or whether there was someone with me. In .m st cases 1 did not a to each talks alone. Generally there was an export on the subject needed and, in the second place, it was practical for me to have my adjutant with mo because telephone calls were receive, etc., so that, in general, the person who want with no usually informed the Chief of Staff afterwards oven if I did net so so and even if I participated alone. If they were more or less important matter then I absolutely had inform the Chief of Staff, because in my absence he had to know what was going on, what could happen, or what had seen discussed. Otherwise, it would not have been possible to carry on business of our office, since in my absence tin people always approached my Chief of Staff personally or by telephone.
Q. Then the two Chiefs of Staff who will appear here as witnesses must be able to tell us what you desired on the one hand, and on the other hand what you learned of?
A. Yes, absolutely.
Q. It may be necessary to explain, a few terms important for the questioning of your competency and your authority. A little while ago you spoke of the relationship between superiors and subordinates in deviation from the term "authority" to issue orders. Since your responsibility is dependent an this point I should like to knew whether terms like, direction, management, etc., whether they are anywhere set down and regulated authority?
A. That can be best seen as I an ta give a concrete example established by document. In the Document Book on page 45 and 46, the Army medical Inspector is presented.
Q. I might point out that this is document HA 28k, exhibit #2, Document Book I, page 44.
A. The text speaks for itself. It says, under #6 "The Army Medical Inspector is the head of the medical Section of the War Time Army. He is the superior of the entire medical personnel to the bar Time Army in medical matters and he is the superior officer of 11 medical units of the bar Time Army."
A footnote has been omitted for which is contained in the War Medical Decree which explains what is meant by medical personnel. It says "medical personnel include medical officers, non-commissioned officers, officials of the Medical Service, pharmacists, dentists, officials of the Administrative Service, special leaders in the Medical Service, and volunteer nurses." This shows clearly that this is a superior and I must add that under #11 the following is stated: "By means of inspection he convinced himself of the execution of his orders and of the state f health of the Field and Reserve Army."
In regard to the right of inspections it was not said that he needs to ask anyone about it before hand or even to inform any one.
Q. Then that is a case of the relationship of superior and subordinate as well as the total power to issue orders?
A. And, another one which we do not have a copy here is made equally clear - the case of the Army physician, the Army Corps and Divisional doctors of the Army. In other branches of the Wehrmacht it was the same. It said that they are superiors of their medical personnel in question of medical service and they are troop superiors to medical chiefs under their command. New I should like to say in this case we have a clear relationship in the Army Air Force and the Navy. The Medical Chiefs are superiors of all the medical personnel and if in the Army one speaks of a superior this automatically and of necessity includes the power to issue orders.
When in military regulations we find something about instructions -about who being a superior - this is always a very luke warm and weak and unclear matter. And, if one calls a high medical officer the head of an agency and entrusted direction of it be him without making him a superior and without giving him unlimited authority, this is a very weak uncomprising solution which everyone who understands those matters will recognize as weakness and that is the relationship as one looks at instruction of Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical Service in contrast to regulations of Army Medical Inspector or Chief of the Medical Service of the Air Force and Navy.
