Q: I didn't ask you for all that. Tell us then what companies -- in what companies you were on the board of supervisors.
A: Bohemia, Mattoni, Wolfram's Preserves Factory, and Gelleschau.
Q: And in what companies were you on the board of directors?
A: I was not a member of any of the boards of directors.
Q: And in what companies did you hold the position of prokurist?
A: The DWB; I was a business manager of the Gemeinnuetzige, and with the House & Real Estate Company. I can't think of any more.
THE PRESIDENT: Time for the recess, Mr. Robbins.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal will recess for fifteen minutes.
(A recess was taken)
Court No. II, Case No. IV.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is again in session.
CROSS EXAMINATION (continued) BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q Witness, I think I did not get an answer to my question about Schieferoel. It is true, is it not, that you were one of the founders of this company?
JUDGE PHILLIPS: What was that, Mr. Robbins, I didn't have my ear phones on.
MR. ROBBINS: Slate Oil.
You were one of the founders?
A Pohl ordered me when Loerner was not present to appoint myself the founder with five thousand Reichsmarks. Pohl told me that once the company had been entered on the Commercial Registry, I could turn over the Reichsmarks to him.
Q Do you remember when that was, was that on 2 May 1944 that you became the founder?
A The date becomes evident from the document of the Notary. I believe this document also states that a short time later I turned over the money again. There is still another document there.
Q Do you recall how long you held -- excuse me. You were also business manager of this firm, were you not the Geschaeftsfuehrer?
A I cannot recall that at all. Business manager? I don't think so. In my opinion the business manager was a SS-Gruppenfuehrer and later on he had a fatal accident with his car.
Q Let me show you page 7 of this Registration certificate and ask you if you can tell me who the business managers of this firm were?
A Yes, that is stated here. The business manager was the businessman Heinz Schwarz. He was living in Berlin-Lichterflede West and Hans Jacobi, also a businessman, was the procurist. The businessman Heinz Schwarz was relieved of this position later on and SS-Gruppenfuehrer was put into his place. This was done because the company was removed from Office W I.
Q And that same document, on page 7, that yes are just looking at, states that you and Pohl made the appointment of business manager, Court No. II, Case No. 4.does it not?
A Well, that was necessary according to the Commercial Code.
JUDGE PHILLIPS: Witness, if you will just answer the question and then if you have an explanation of it you are entitled to make it. But, you explain a question before you ever answer it and we don't know whether you are intending to say Yes or No to the question. If you will answer the question first and then make what explanation you desire to make of it, then we will have some idea of what your testimony means. BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q Your answer to my question then is Yes, is that right - you and Pohl made the appointment?
A Yes.
Q Can you see from the document how long you held an official position in this company, during what periods of time?
A From the 5th of May 1944.
Q Until when?
A That is not shown by the document.
Q You can see that at least a month later you were still holding your position, can you not? Again referring to page 7?
A Yes.
Q You can't remember how much beyond that you held the position?
A No.
Q Now just one last question on that. I still don't understand exactly the position that you held. You state that you were founder. You contributed the capital, did you also held a position in the firm, were you a member of any of the Boards?
A I don't know anything about it. I don't think so.
Q Can't you remember if you were or were not?
A I certainly would have to remember it. I don't know it. I don't think so.
Q One of the letters that you wrote on this matter was addressed to Captain von Kruedener. He was on Milch's staff, was he not?
A He was on the Staff of the Commissioner von Geillenberg.
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
Whether on the staff of Milch, I don't know.
Q You don't know that he was Milch's Ordnance Officer.
A I don't know that, No.
Q You didn't know that Milch had any interest in this matter the production of oil?
A I think that the man in charge of the Luftwaffe certainly would be interested in that in Germany. However, at the moment I can't recall having heard anything about this matter in the line of duty.
Q Passing on to another matter, witness, I want to show you another document and ask you to identify it. This is NO 3909. It will be Prosecution Exhibit 612. Have you seen this letter before?
A I can't tell you that.
Q Well, tell me who is the letter signed by. Dr. Bobermin?
A Yes.
Q And is the information contained in the letter correct?
A Yes.
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
Q Is it your testimony, witness, that....
First, let me ask you this. During what period of time were you a member of the Aufsichts Rat of the Golleschauer Company?
A It is stated here, from the 29th of October, 1942, onwards.
Q And how long did you hold this position?
A I think that I maintained this position up until the end -until the time I went to combat.
Q And did Georg Loerner retain his position until the end?
A I think so, yes.
Q And did Kammler?
A Yes.
Q And is the same true for Bobermin?
A Yes, he was a member of the Vorstand, the Board of Directors, until the end. However, he only carried out this activity until April, 1944.
THE PRESIDENT: Could the witness explain what Aufsichts rat meant?
MR. ROBBINS: That is... I think the defendant Hohbert did. That's the Board of Supervisors.
THE PRESIDENT: Distinguishable from the Board of Directors?
MR. ROBBINS: Yes, Your Honor.
Is that correct, witness? The Aufsichtsrat is the Board of Supervisors.
Perhaps we had better ask the interpreters.
INTERPRETER: The Aufsichtsrat is the Board of Supervisors.
BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q Now, witness, you have told us that you did not hold an official position.
A (Interrupting) I didn't hear the translation just now.
Q You have told us that you did not hold an official position in any industry that employed concentration camp inmates. Now, you know, don't you, that the Golleschauer Portland Cement Company employed inmates?
A I stated that I didn't exercise the activity of a business Court No. II, Case No. 4.manager or Prokurist in enterprises which employed concentration camp inmates.
With regard to the position in the Aufsichtsrat - the Board of Supervisors - I will have to refer later on to that to clarify the matter to the Tribunal.
Q I think your testimony - the transcript will show what my notes show that you stated very clearly that you held no position in an industry that used concentration camp inmates. Now, I ask you - you know quite well, don't you, that this company employed concentration camp inmates?
A. Yes, I knew that.
Q And during what period of time did they employ inmates?
A I can't give you the exact date because I am not so precisely informed about the conditions.
Q Witness, did you......
THE PRESIDENT (Interrupting): Mr. Robbins, I dread to open this up. Is there any way to find out what a syndikus is now without getting in over our heads?
MR. ROBBINS: The witness said that sometimes he had a managerial capacity and sometimes he did not.
THE PRESIDENT: He said it didn't have any relationship to commercial law. He said a man about to practice law could call himself a syndikus. Up to now, it has no meaning for us at all, yet he was one in this company. Maybe we could find out what he did in this company. That might define it.
MR. ROBBINS: Witness, you were a member of the Aufsichtsrat and did you also hold the position of syndikus in the Golleschauer firm or was that a title that attached to you wherever you went? He was also a syndikus in the Slate Oil Company, I notice.
THE PRESIDENT: It's a title like doctor or professor, but it went with you wherever you went?
WITNESS: The title always went along with me, Your Honor. It is a title as if one would say somebody is a merchant or a businessman. You can say: "Merchant or Business Man Max Mueller" and likewise you can Court No. II, Case No. 4.say:
"The Syndikus, Dr. Volk."
THE PRESIDENT: That's what I said. It's like doctor or professor or merchant.
WITNESS: Yes, Your Honor, that's correct.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, as a syndikus, what did you do in the Golleschauer Portland Cement Company?
WITNESS: Your Honor, I didn't do anything at all.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Did you get paid for doing this nothing job?
WITNESS: No, Your Honor. Your Honor, for positions in the Aussichtsrat, with which I am charged by the Prosecution, I did not receive a penny. I was only taken into the Board of Supervisors in case that a session might take place some time so I could take down the record. That was my entire activity. In redirect, I will explain that to you. In the German Reich government a cabinet never actually met. Hitler gave the orders. In the position of Board of Supervisors, there never were any meetings of the Aufsichtsrat---I think only on one occasion with the Golleschauer. However, the work was never discussed at all during this session and the business manager carried out this work with Pohl. This session of the Aufsichtsrat took place on one occasion because Bruno Haettenschwiller, a Swiss citizen, was in the Aufsichtsrat and we did not want to show to the foreign countries just how the Fuehrer principle applied in our enterprises. That was why this session was called in. Our other work was not discussed there at all.
JUDGE PHILLIPS: Dr. Seidl, could you tell us what a syndikus is?
DR. SEIDL: I believe I can give a short explanation of that title, Your Honor.
The expression "syndikus" in German law is used in various ways. Normally, this means a legal consultant. For example, labor unions or enterprises, organizations, have a syndikus. However, we cannot say that the word syndikus represents a certain concept which is uniform in all its aspects. Normally, a syndikus is a man who gives legal advise and is not in a position to make his own decisions independently.
JUDGE PHILLIPS: Thank you.
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q Your function then, as a syndikus, witness, is different from your function as a member of the Aufsichtsrat? They're different concepts and different functions, are they not?
A Yes, that may be true.
Q Witness, did you at any time visit the concentration camp at Dachau?
A I was not at the concentration camp Dachau. I was only in the area where the barracks for the guards stood in the concentration camp. That is to say, where the troops were quartered. From there, on one occasion, I saw the vegetable garden. However, this was not part of the concentration camp.
Q And when was that?
A I can't tell you that.
Q 1944?
A I don't think so. I think it was before that. I can't give you the year at all any more. I still don't know up to date where the protective custody camp was. I never saw it. I never even saw it from a distance.
Q But you were in the outer area of the concentration camp?
A Yes, the co-defendants told me that it was a fifteen minutes' walk from the area I visited, where the troops were billeted. However, I don't know that.
Q Did you see inmates working when you were there?
A No, I didn't see that.
Q Did you see any inmates at all?
A In the troops building I saw some inmates. However, these inmates were not from the concentration camp but they were SS prisoners. They were people who had been confined in jail and they had to work there.
Q Did you visit the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen?
A No.
Q Were you in the outer area of the camp?
A I passed by there in a car on three or four occasions.
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
Q Did you see any concentration camp inmates?
A The inmates were walking in the street. I saw them there when I passed by.
Q When was the last time that you saw inmates there? What was the latest date?
A It might have been in 1943 or 1944.
Q Were you ever in the outer area of the concentration camp of Buchenwald?
A I was not at Buchenwald, no.
Q Were you ever at Flossenbuerg other than the time you told us about?
A No.
Q Were you at Ravensbrueck?
A I wasn't there either. I only passed by Ravensbrueck, by twenty minutes when I visited Pohl's wife, in Komturei.
Q Well, were you in the outer area of the concentration camp?
A I don't even know where the concentration camp Ravensbrueck was located. I can't tell you that. I was on a trip to Komturei to see Pohl's wife, in a car. I was told that this was near Ravensbrueck.
Q Well, were you in the outer area of any other concentration camp?
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
A When I was in Stutthof in 1941, however, when I was there, no inmates were in the camp. I didn't enter the protective custody camp, either, because there were so many camps that I had to inspect. I arrived very late, and the persons that attended the meeting were about to go away with Dr. Kammler. I had to go in my car after my arrival there. I was only there in the school or in the Kommandantur building.
Q Do you know when the camp was placed under Pohl's supervision?
A I assume that this was in 1942; however, I can't give you the exact date. It was in April or May 1942. However, I may be mistaken here, I don't want to make a definite statement.
A I assume that; however, I don't know it for certain.
Q At any time while you were working for the WVHA, did you hear about invalid transports?
A No.
Q You didn't hear anything about the extermination of the Jews?
A No.
Q You didn't hear about gassings at Auschwitz?
A No.
Q And you didn't hear about the activities of the Einsatzgruppen?
A I didn't hear anything about that either.
Q Did you ever hear of the Einsatzgruppen?
A No.
Q You didn't know that such a thing existed?
A No.
Q You didn't -
A It must have been in the East.
Q You didn't know about the existence of a crematorium?
A Yes, I knew that. It came to my knowledge that a crematorium existed at Dachau. I also knew that there was a crematorium at Auswitz, I heard that. However, I didn't think about that matter at all. I thought that in such a big camp people would be dying and these people had to be buried in some way.
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
Q You didn't hear that the death rate in concentration camps was particularly high?
A No.
Q And were those the only two crematoria that you heard about?
A Yes. I believe that I only heard about the crematorium at Auschwitz. I believe that I can recall that I only heard about the crematorium at Dachau after I came here; however, I know that I heard about Auschwitz.
Q You didn't hear about the existence of gas chambers?
A No.
Q And you didn't hear at any time that any one in the concentration camp was mistreated in anyway?
A Yes, I did hear something about that.
Q What did you hear?
A In July 1944 I was in Switzerland. I went there in order to conclude a contract with a Jewish emigrant by the name of Helene Kaufmann and in order to pay her 50,000 Swiss francs. While I was travelling from Bern to Zurich, I read a newspaper. After I had finished reading the paper, I exchanged the paper with a Swiss friend who accompanied me on this journey. Suddenly he said to me, "Take a look at this article here." And here on the inside of the paper the names of eight concentration camps were listed, and here the maltreatment of inmates by the commanders and guards were listed, and the various maltreatments were specified in that article. They said that this had taken place in the Protective Custody Camps. I got very excited about the matter, and I told him I'd like to take the newspaper along with me to Germany; however I could not take this newspaper along with me to Germany because on the frontier we had to turn in all newspapers. I therefore made a very small note of the matter, and I wrote down the names of the concentration camps which were mentioned in the article. I hid this piece of paper in my shoe so that it was not discovered when I crossed the border. After I had completed my journey, I reported to Pohl and I told him that I had concluded the purchasing contract, and that I had given the order Court No. II, Case No. 4.of transferring the sum of money to the Jewess.
Here we were dealing with an estate in Styria. After I had completed my report, I said to Pohl that there was something else that I wanted to bring to his knowledge. I told him that I had read an article in the paper, according to which, maltreatment on a large scale was taking place in the concentration camps. I assumed that the information contained in the article was correct because four concentration camp commanders had been mentioned by name, and I knew these people by name. Pohl asked me just what was in the article, and who the commanders were, and then I named the concentration camps to him. I came to the third concentration camp -- this was in 1944, in July, I want to add this by way of explanation -- and on the third place there was listed SS-Oberfuehrer Loritz, the commander of Sachsenhausen let his men stand for three hours during winter time, and he let them freeze. Furthermore, he had built a house for himself on the Wolfgangsee, and that he had taken carloads of foodstuff gotten on the black-market in Sachsenhausen. Then I read the article to him. Pohl interrupted me suddenly and then he told me: "Loritz has already been dismissed by me in the year 1942. These news reports are enemy propaganda, and all the information here is incorrect and it consists of lies." And then he went on and added: "Volk, I am telling you now, if you ever tell anybody about what you have read in that paper, or if you pass the information on to anybody, then this might cost you your head. I am just warning you now." By way of explanation, however, I want to add that Pohl did not want to have me shot, but that he was warning me from the Gestapo. That is the only knowledge which I obtained about the excesses in the concentration camp from my reading the article. I don't know anything else about it.
Q When did your conversation with Pohl take place?
A This discussion -- I will be able to tell you the exact date by means of a document. I shall give you the exact date in a minute. I can't find the spot at the moment -- however, I will be able to give you the exact date tomorrow. It was after the 11th of July. It may have been between the 12th and the 16th or 17th of July 1944.
Court No. II, Case No. 4.
Q And did you talk to anyone else except Pohl about this matter?
A I do not think so. I can't recall anything, but I think I discussed it with my wife. I don't know whether the information was true or not; however, since Pohl had so firmly warned me, I was impressed by the matter to such an extent that I believed him.
Q I didn't ask you that. And you tell us that is the only thing that you have heard at any time about mistreatment of concentration camp inmates?
A Yes, as far as I can recall.
Q You didn't know that prisoners of war were in concentration camps?
A I never considered that possible. I will be able to tell you that in direct examination.
Q You didn't know that prisoners of war were working in the SSIndustries?
A I didn't know that.
Q You didn't know that they were working in the Construction Works of Amtsgruppe C?
A I didn't know that.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, witness, your direct examination is over, you better answer the questions now. You were asked of knowing about prisoners of war in concentration camps, and you said, "I will say more about that on direct examination."
A Your Honor, of course, I was referring to the fact that I didn't know about that until 1945 before the collapse. I know it today.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I am referring to the fact that you are holding back and not answering questions, believing that you are going to be examined again by your own attorney. Now, you better answer the questions to Mr. Robbins.
BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q Witness, -
DR. FROESCHMANN: Your Honor, I didn't understand the witness to say that he wants to keep back any information now, but apparently he was Court No. II, Case No. 4.only trying to express the fact that what he is saying here now and what needs any addition by way of explanation, he will mention in his redirect examination.
He does it for the reason because the prosecutor doesn't let him finish the sentence. There are many questions which the witness cannot answer with yes or no because a completely false picture will result. The witness is unable to answer that with yes or no.
For example, the case of Loritz, the witness, wanted to explain what I consider for very important reasons why he was of the conviction that what Pohl told him about the atrocities was true. That is very important for the veracity of the witness, and the Prosecutor here didn't let him finish his sentence. That is why the witness was trying to express that he would have to complete this information in his redirect examination.
Of course, I didn't understand the witness to mean that he wanted to keep back any information here. After all, the witness wants to tell everything he knows.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, now is the time to tell it.
BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q. Witness, did I cut you off on the matter of Loritz? Didn't you tell us that Pohl told you that Loritz had been removed two years previously? Was there something else about Loritz you wanted to say?
A. Yes, I wanted to say that I believe that what Pohl had told me was correct. With regard to the prisoners of war I also wanted to add something -
THE PRESIDENT: Go ahead, now is the time to do it.
WITNESS: It had come to my knowledge that in the year 1941 Himmler was trying to bring Russian prisoners of war into concentration camps. I discussed the matter with Dr. Kammler when I was taking a trip to Stutthof, and I told Dr. Kammler that this was completely impossible that prisoners of war should be put into a concentration camp. After all, this was a violation of international law. Then, Dr. Kammler told me the Russians did not belong to the International Red Cross, and I couldn't answer at all to this argument. Afterwards I heard from somebody that the Supreme command of the Army had refused to transfer prisoners of war, including Russian prisoners of war, to the concentration camps. Consequently I was firmly convinced that no prisoners of war were in concentration camps.
BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q. Witness, I would like to show you a document. That may refresh your recollection. Will you look at Document Book No. 3, and turn to NO-1292. It is on page 51 of the German; it is Exhibit 56; it is on page 46 of the English. This is a report of Kammler's about the utilization of around 45,000 prisoners of war and inmates in construction work in the concentration camp. You received this document, didn't you?
A. I don't have the document before me. Could you have it handed to me? (Document handed to witness) Please excuse me for a minute. I am just reading this document.
Q. Do you see at the bottom that it is reported to Amtsgruppe W?
A. An information copy went to Amtsgruppe W. It was not countersigned by me. However, I can recall this document. It passed through Office Group W, and of this document three documents actually went to Office Group W; One went to the Inspector of the concentration camps SS Brigadefuehrer Gluecks at Oranienburg, near Berlin for Amtsgruppe D, and it was signed by Kammler; one went to the General Plenipotentiary for the Utilization of Labor -- the Conscription of Labor, Sauckel; and a third one went to the Chief of the Supreme Command of the Army-that was the chief for the prisoner of war service.
Q. And another copy went to Amtsgruppe W?
A. No. All three copies were inclosed in this letter, and all the copies had the same contents.
Q. Well, don't you remember that you signed this document?
A. I probably counter-signed this document so that it went to Office Group W. I probably counter-signed all three documents. However, from this I could not say that prisoners of war were located in concentration camps.
Q. Just so there will be no doubt about it, will you look at the photostat and see if that isn't your signature on the document?
A. Yes.
Q. You read the document, didn't you?
A. Yes, I just glanced over the document, and then I wrote on it "Circulation". The last six pages about the construction matters, that didn't interest me at all.
Q. Well, witness, you just told me a few moments ago that you didn't know that PW's were used in construction work under Amtsgruppe C. That testimony was wrong, wasn't it?
A. I beg your pardon?
Q. That testimony was incorrect, wasn't it?
A. No, I really didn't know it.
Q. You can't tell from this document that prisoners of war were being used in construction work, that about 45,000 are being used in Ravensbrueck, Auschwitz, Oranienburg, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, Gusen, Mauthausen, Litzmannstadt?
Q. You can't see that from this document?
A. No, one cannot see that from the document at all. I have to explain the matter to you, if you let me complete my explanation the Tribunal will be able to confirm the truth of my statements.
Q. Well, witness, answer my question first. You saw the list that was attached to the letter, didn't you, that is referred to in this letter?
A. I may have glanced over it, and then on the second page I put down "Circulation" or "Circulate".
Q. And you see that in the third column it is headed "Request for Prisoners, PWs and Jews" -- the word is Haeftlinge in the original German, which means inmates. And you see that the subject is headed "Employment of Haeftlinge, Prisoners of War, Jews, and so forth." You saw that, didn't you?
A. Yes, however, there were three copies there, and they all had the same content; they were addressed to the Chief of the Supreme Command of the Army, the Prisoner of War Service. Another copy was addressed to Sauckel, and another one was addressed to Gluecks.
Since it says here "Inmates, Prisoners of War, and Jews, and so forth" and here it says "Requests for Inmates, Jews and Prisoners of War." Then when there were three letters on hand I had to think that the inmates were to come from Gluecks, that the prisoners of war would come from the Chief of the Supreme Command of the Army, from the P.W. System, and that the Jews would be furnished by Sauckel.
Q. Well, you told me just a moment ago though that you didn't know that prisoners of war were being used in construction projects. Now that testimony is incorrect, isn't it?
It is perfectly clear from this document that prisoners of war were being used in these construction projects.
A. I didn't look at the list. After all, I don't assume-
BY THE PRESIDENT:
Q. Wait a minute. Did you read the first line on this document when it came to you hand? Under the word "Subject", the very top line of the document? Did you read that?
A. I can't tell you that, Your Honor.
Q. What?
A. I can't tell you that, Your Honor.
Q. What part of it did you look at before you circulated it?
A. I looked at the first two pages, and on the second page I wrote down "To be circulated."
Q. Then you looked at the first page, did you?
A. Yes, I looked at the first page.
Q. The first page?
A. Yes the first page.
Q. Well, what is the first thing you read when you looked at the first page? Read it.
A. There I read -
Q. No, read it now; the first thing that you would see on the first page.
What did you see?
A. Allocation of Inmates, Prisoners of War, Jews, and so forth."
Q. Go ahead. Next line.
A. "Subject: Establishment of a List -
Q. I don't get that. Read that line over again.
A. "Allocation of Inmates, Prisoners of War, Jews, and so forth, for the carrying out of the construction program of the SS-WVHA, Office Group C, 1942, in the third year of the war economy."
Q. Now, if you didn't read another word, if you stopped right there, you knew that prisoners of war were being used in the WVHA construction program, didn't you?
A. Yes, that they were used for construction program. However, I didn't know that they were in the concentration camp as inmates. I thought that a prisoner of war camp would be established in the district and then the inmates from the prisoner of war would have been taken from the prisoner of war camp and they would have worked on a construction program.
BY MR. ROBBINS:
Q. So that you now want to change your testimony that you gave me just a moment ago, that you did not know that PW's were used in Amtsgruppe C8s construction program. You wish to change that, don't you?
THE WITNESS: I understood you to say that they were inmates in camps.
MR. ROBBINS: There wasn't any misunderstanding and I think the record will show that clearly.
DR. GAWLIK (Attorney for Defendant Volk): Your Honor, I want to object. As far as I and my colleagues have understood the question by the prosecution, this question was never asked, whether prisoners of war were employed by the WVHA. The whole discussion is whether prisoners of war were located in concentration camps. That, after all, will become evident from the transcript.
MR. ROBBINS: I can assure counsel I was very careful to ask that question and we will see in the transcript how it comes out.
Q. (By Mr. Robbins) I suppose, Witness, that you didn't look under Item 35 of the list that these prisoners of war, inmates, and Jews were building crematoria at Weimar Buchenwald. You didn't see that?
A. I stated that I wrote down the word, "circulate" on the second page of the document. After all, as a legal expert, I was not interested in the list at all.
Q. You also said you looked through the list, isn't that true?
A. No.
Q. You didn't look at the list at all?
A. I argued with reference to the list. I didn't even look at the list. I didn't have enough time to do that.
Q. You didn't see that a crematorium was also being constructed in the Gusen concentration camp.
A. No, I didn't see that either.
THE PRESIDENT: We will recess until tomorrow at 9:30.
(The Tribunal adjourned until 30 July 1947, at 0930 hours.)