THE PRESIDENT: Yes, but I understood you to say that these excesses occurred on July 3.
DR. DURCHHOLD: No.
THE WITNESS: No.
DR. DURCHHOLD: No, it was before the Russian troops left the city. From the document which I shall submit later, you will see that these excesses were committed by the Russians against the Lemberg population before the Germans marched in, about the 25th and the 26th of June, 1941.
THE PRESIDENT: That was prior to Schulz's appearance in Lemberg?
DR. DURCHHOLD: Schulz came to Lemberg only after the German troops had taken Lemberg.
THE PRESIDENT: After the excesses had occurred?
DR. DURCHHOLD: Yes, after the excesses. He saw the results of these excesses with his comrades,
THE PRESIDENT: Very well.
A. (Continued) The militia had orders to arrest the Jewish population of Lemberg and also those who were suspected of having participated in these killings. May I add here, Your Honor, that this is a description by Dr. Rasch, which he himself got from the German Army commander of Lemberg. localities. I must add here that a larger unit of the Security Police of Cracow from the Government General had had arrived there and was also informed of these facts. I don't know what missions were given to what units. undertook to carry out the arrests. As far as I was informed, they were carried out as ordered, namely, without using any violence. Non-Jews were supposed to have been COURT II-A CASE IX among these too, and these were also designated as perpetrators or participants.
able to observe that interrogations were carried on uninterruptedly and that part of the RSDS was isolated from another part. As far as I remember, Dr. Rasch made known on the following day that a Fuehrer order had been given, according to which the guilty ones and the participants in these murders, which were against International Law, were to be executed in reprisal and if I remember correctly, in connection with this decree the Army command order was also made known, according to which the political Commissars and Functionaries were to be executed.
Q. Is this a basic order?
A. Yes.
Q. Please give me the exact wording of this order.
A. The order read out by Dr. Rasch was to the following effect: First of all, it went into the position of the Security Police, namely, the security of the operational area was its main position, and the security of the rear Army area. Then it continued about like this: the Fuehrer has ordered in the interest of the combatting troops that all Commissars and all Communist, Functionaries, Spies, agents, saboteurs, and looters be shot immediately, since they operate in the rear of the combat troops and represent a deadly danger. This order was top secret.
Q. Weren't there any details given about this?
A. Yes, Dr. Rasch gave the following explanations: First, the Functionaries set up by the Communist Party, Spies, agents, and saboteurs are chosen fanatics, who would use any means at their disposal to undermine order and to destroy the combat morale of the troops.
The persons used by the Communist party are to be estimated more highly in their value to the party than the members of the Nazi party. The functionaries of the Communist party can only have been given their mission because they have already proved their worth and herewith they are good risks for the Party. They are bound to their mission with their lives because in case of betrayal, or in case of treason, they immediately have to pay with their lives. Second, we have to be especially careful about the Jews. They have entered into an embittered fight. The Jews also are carriers of destructive tendencies in the rear of combat troops. Third, the Russian has announced before all the world that he does not consider himself bound by any international law. And his measures are performed accordingly - and our measures, too, have to be performed accordingly. This was the statement which Dr. Rasch made.
Q How did you accept this order?
A I was under the impression of the Lemberg incidents. Nevertheless, I reacted against this order since I considered it as incorrect; politically incorrect, also. I had serious misgivings, but I knew that in my own disposition I was inclined toward, kindness and I ascribed this conflict to my nature. From the conduct of the enemy as it had been determned, I believed that I had to force myself to a greater harshness, but I hardly succeeded. My inner feelings were against the measures which had been ordered. But when I thought it over conscientiously, and when I left out all feeling, I had to determine that law, and feeling, had nothing to do with each other, I had seen the thousands of murdered people and the many mutilated corpses and I had smelt the odor which lay heavily over Lemberg, and I saw the many weeping men, women and children who were looking for their relatives among the corpses. We always saw people in the street who kept carrying their dead home in imporvised coffins. The soldiers were terrified by the mutilated corpses of their comrades. Therefore, I could see no wrong in the reprisals ordered by the Fuehrer, and in the so-called Commissar Order -- even though I justified this myself, and even though I considered these necessary measures as incorrect.
But I did decide, - and I acted according to it -- to give it my own limits by asking that the guilt be proven in order to exclude any wilfulness. like to go into your disposition -- your opinion about these orderslater. Now please describe the events in Russia - without your personal opinion.
A On the following day the executions took place. They were not in the hands of Einsatzkommando 5. I don't know to what extent the agency of the General Government was used for this. The order for the Lemberg executions was given by Dr. Rasch, and the execution was ordered by him. I personally, on the morning of that day, went into town. When I returned about noon I was informed that I had already been looked for. Einsatzkommando 5 had received orders to continue the executions that afternoon. I immediately reported to the building of the Group Staff in order to speak to Dr. Rasch. His Chief of Staff told me that he was not there. I therefore asked the Chief of Staff to revoke; the order issued to Einsatzkommando 5 since neither I nor the members of my Commando were prepared for such a task. The Chief of Staff answered me that Dr. Rasch had expressly ordered that the Einsatzkommando 5 was to carry out these executions since the other commander was to be relieved. A further conversation was useless. I assembled my men and spoke with them about this order. I told them that this is a reprisal measure ordered by the Fuehrer. I pointed out to the great difficulty of this deed. I demanded that everyone perform it with seriousness and with dignity. I told the officers in the presence of the troops that they were to observe this order carefully and remove anyone, and report about it to me, who would violate this dignity in any manner. I recognized in the serious demeanor of my men how terribly difficult it was for them to execute this order. I gave directives to start immediately in order to use the short time available and give my men their orders.
Every man was to be assigned his place exactly, so that the carrying out of the executions would proceed exactly, and without any loss of time for the victims. At the place, I tell my men once more about the reason for these executions and I pointed out especially that the investigations which had been conducted had determined definitely the crime or the participation in the crimes on the part of the victims in the killings which had taken place in Lemberg.
The bringing in of the voctims was done by another Commando. The burying was done by the Lemberg militia under the supervision of this Commando, Whether any members of the General Government agencies were used here, I don't know. After I had personally convinced myself that a doctor was also present and that everything was carried out conscientiously, I went back to town after the first execution since I already had set down a deadline for our continues march. According to what I remember, five executions were carried out on that day, each time involving about 18 people. First I went to my quarters in order to get my papers. quarters. field where the prisoners had been collected. I went to the window where I saw that some Army unit had gone to this field and was chasing the prisoners around and was mistreating them. Without hesitation I went to the quarters of Rasch in order to inform him of what I saw and in order to ask him to intervene immediately. But he had not yet returned. When I reproached the Chief of Staff for not interfering he told me that it was none of my business to intervene here if the soldiers gave vent to their wrath. In the interest of these tortured people I could no longer carry out any negotiations. I ran to this field and saw two majors of the Army. I asked them to stop this shameless demonstration immediately. Since I was very excited one of them immediately pulled out a whistle and put a stop to this demonstration.
18 Oc t-M-TB-3&4-4-Biolsi (Lea) I had the back gate of the field opened and let all of the prisoners out. I also freed other people who had been destined for execution. In about two minutes the whole field was empty. I could no longer get get hold of either of the two majors -- or the units. They had disappeared just as quickly. I immediately ordered a driver to drive me to the place of execution and to inform them that the executions were finished. There were at least 2,000 prisoners in that field. I was at first terrified myself when I saw this empty field in front of me for I feared that I had dons more in my excitement than I could account for, In the evening of the same day Criminal Commissar, Dr. Krieger looked me up and told me follows: "I warn you, people are saying bad things about you because you concern yourself with matters which are none of your business." I told him that I shall answer for that myself, It is unheard of that Hoffmann did not intervene even though these were prisoners who were under the protection and guard of the Security Police. About one hour after this conversation I reported to Rasch in order to tell him about what had happened. He cut me off with the words that he had already been informed. I was very much surprised that nothing further had happened. On this occasion I received the approval to advance the next day. BY THE PRESIDENT: Just a moment. were released from this collecting field; one part was to be destined for execution, I knew that; what was to be done with the other prisoners, I don't know.
Q What was the date of this happening?
Q You arrived on July 2nd?
A We arrived around the 2nd of July in Lemberg. On the 3d of July, as I have already said, the order of Dr. Rasch took place and now I cannot exactly guaranted the date - it could have been the 4th or 5th of July when these events took place.
by Dr. Rasch and the executions?
Q One day. And wit hin that time the investigations were made as to those responsible for the previous mas s acre?
AAnother Einsatzkommando was responsible for this. They conducted investigations for about two days, and as I have already said, in cooperation with the Lemberg authorities, with the militia, and I could see -- myself did not participate -- tha t interrogations were carried on continuously, and that after these interrogations of the entire number of prisoners on th is field poeple were taken out continuously. HOW many these were, I don't know. I assume that it amounted to about 300 persons.
Q 300 persons that did what? prisoners on this field.
Q 300 persons sched uled for execution?
Q You said 300 people were taken out... but you didn't say why they were taken out. the larger number, and those were the one s who were destined for the executions. That was in the process of carrying out reprisals.
Q Were there any women among them?
A No, not one singl e woman. Only men. place on the 4th, and you have indicated that one day intervened -- what ever the dates were -- be tween the order and the execution, we must conclude that all the inv estigations which were made were made within the period of 24 hours. Is that right?
A. No, your honor. I think it is a matter of 48 hours. I can be mistaken here. I cannot guarantee it exactly. I would remember better if I had participated in the investigations myself. I only cod d give a description of the events, the way I saw them, because I lived in the same building. How these investigations were actually conducted, I don't know, I only point to the fact that a large number of men were executed by another Einsatzkommando.
Q Which one was that, do you know?
Q No, which Einsatzkommando was it?
Q Six?
AAnd parts of units from the General Government. There was a larger Commando which had arrived from the General Government which was already stationed in Lemberg. These units from the General Government followed immediately because they had already been ordered from Berlin, that the old Polish territory which had become Russian, was now to be reoccupied because this territory was to be incorporated into the General Government also. your arrival?
AAS perpetrators?
Q No, no, no; as victims. You say that the Russians had killed 5,000 -- or whatever the number was. Who were the victims -- they were Poles, weren't they?
A They were Ukrainians and Ploles; men and women -- whether there were any Germans among them, I don't know. There were very many German soldiers and men; they were also found killed.
Q German soldiers?
Q Wasn't that Russian territory at the time?
A Yes; it was Russian territory but, your Honor, we were two or three days behind the combat troops, and here it was probably a ma tter of German armed units which had previously been taken prisoners.
Above all, probably air Force officers who had been taken prisoners. Above all, probably Air Force officers who had been shot down.
THE PRESIDENT: proceed,
DR. DURCHHOLZ: I shall Come back to this incident later and I shall submit a document, and I shall bring in an eye witness who can give a description of this and who will say that this is a matter of a large number of German prisoners who were also killed at that time. BY DR. DUHCHHOLZ: lives of those who had been destined for execution?
A Whether that is true for all of these, I don't know because I don't remember what was to happen with these people. I can only confirm it for a part of these people. In any case, I have spared them of any tortures. else you saw as you continued to advance.
not guarantee the dates, we left Lemberg, Since the reads were clodded, we advanced very slowly, and we had to spend the night at Brody. The following day we continued to Dubnew. Here we remained almost for one week. Since the front had come to a standstill in Dubnew similar events had taken place as already had taken place in Lemberg. In the Dubnew prisons there were several hundred people, Ukranians for the most part; women and men who had been killed, and the population again told us that the executions had been carried out by Jewish Functionaries. A priest and a woman who had hidden themselves among the corpses, and who had been saved, confirmed these statements.
THE PRESIDENT: Just for the purpose of clarification, because this phrase is apparently used frequently, the phrase "Jewish Functionaries", let me ask if we are to understand by that phrase you mean officials of the Soviet Government who were of the Jewish Race?
THE WITNESS: Not officials in every case, Your Honor, but any kind of functionaries of the Communist Party who were of the Jewish Faith.
THE PRESIDENT: Members of the Communist Party holding aposition of some responsibility who also were of the Jewish Faith, is that the definition?
THE WITNESS: Yes, Your Honor. A priest and a woman who had hidden themselves among the corpses, and who had been saved, confirmed these statements. The woman was in the hospital with cuts in the throat from a bayonet; another woman about twenty-four years old could not be heard since she had become insane. The leadership over these executions in the Dubnew prison, according to the statements by these witnesses, was supposed to have been held by the commandant, allegedly, with his daughter: At that time his name was determined, but I can not remember it now. The prisoners had been shot with pistols through the holes in the door. When they had been shot soldiers appeared and stabbed the executed people with their bayonets.
THE PRESIDENT: When you say soldiers, please indicate the nationality of the soldiers?
THE WITNESS: They were Russian soldiers. On this occasion the Priest and the above woman had hidden among the corpses, and the woman received those bayonet wounds in her throat. I don't believe I am telling an untruth if I mention that my Kommando did not carry out any executions in Dubnow, since no more guilty persons were found, or were denounced by the population.
THE PRESIDENT: Do I understand you to say that this woman told her story about what had happened?
THE PRESIDENT: She had received a bayonet thrust in the throat?
A Yes she had a bayonet wound in the neck. I saw her myself. The cut went through there (indicating side of neck) on the side of the throat.
THE PRESIDENT: It did not effect her speaking ability?
A No, Your Honor, it did not. The people who had participated in this had fled, and the Jewish inhabitants who had remained were not guilty. At Dudnow I had to detail a detachment to another place. There the army command of the 6th Army was located, about the day of the advance from Dubnow, a criminal commissar from the General Government arrived and took over an area as belonging to the General Government. On 13th of July I received the order to proceed to Shitemir. We started from Dubnew about the 14th of July. We were stopped on the way as the Kommando suffered losses during an air attack, or during air attacks. The Russian army had broken through, and a continued advance to Shitemir was not possible. Dr. Rasch, who was in Svier with his staff gave me orders to proceed to Shepetawka, which was about fifty kilome ters south of Svier. Here the forces had to be committed for their own safety exclusively, because parts of cut off Russian forces, were active in the forests around Shepetewka, and they were active continually in small scale attacks. Only on 22 July was I able to continue and my dest ination was Berditschew, which I reached around the 23 July. I was quartered in barracks near the headquarters of Rundstedt's army Group, two detachments were sheltered in barracks, as these were closer to the center of the town.
I remained in Berditschew about four weeks, since the front had become stabilized at Kiev. BY DR. DURCHHOLZ: now I consider it fitting if you now briefly describe the activity of your Einsatzkommando -- what was the mission of your Einsatzkommando altogether?
A The field of activity was very extensive. The job was made more difficult because we arrived at even a more severe iron curtain than exists even today. Everything was new to us, and had no comparison with previous standards. The area, the people, the language, already brought about great difficulties. The measures of the opponent in Lemberg and in Dubnew, the continuous actions of individual fighters, by combat groups, and by individual people armed to the teeth who had been hidden in the woods, who were often and frequently in possission of empty artillery guns and anti- tank guns, communication troops, and sabotage corps, all these made things very very difficult, but the most difficult were the innumeralbe very welltrained and unbelievably well sabotaged communication centers in the rear of our Army areas. These with incredible cleverness interfered with our Army, with the administrative agency of our army, and with the military units used by the Army. Even though I was hardly four weeks in Russia, activity by infiltration of these forces already had assumed a dangerous preparation.
COURT IIA CASE IX could not even be controlled or examined or taken care of. These infiltrated forces had their direct communications to cutoff troop units, and partisan units. Thus for them, they communicated intelligence about the Wehrmacht units, and about their strength. Sabotage acts of Army installations took place day and night continually. Within the stress of prisoners of war who clodded up the roads there were likewise important intelligence men of the other side. Hardly a night passed without people being hidden in the dense forests with communication missions, and these people amounted to a great detail of work and great patience. Added to this was the danger in which each unit found itself. The investigation of the auxiliary toops used by the Army, these Were interpreters, health officers, kitchen personnel; the investigation of these people took up a great amount of time and patience, since training had to be naturally laboriously done by interpreters, and it must be considered here that in this area the amount of denunciation was very great, but even among these people who denounced them, there were agents who had the intentions and also succeeded in their intentions to make everything unsafe and suspicious of each other. Of greatest importance for the Army leaders were the news of intelligence about Russian war efforts, and the Russian ammunition plants, and the armaments, since nothing was known about this. When the Armies first opposed each other, it was only too clearly to be seen that Russia in its war on Finland had, by sacrificing its reputation in world opinion, camouflaged its war potentiality. The first intelligence reports from the Ural Mountains made the Army agencie really, or sit-up. These intelligence activities had to be carried on by nature of the circumstances. Furthermore, the COURT II-A CASE IX Kommandos had to look for their own food, for their own maintenance, for the equipment, the vehicles had to be overhauled, and all of that went with it.
Then the daily reports came in from the population, reports about munition dumps, about agents. Here it was difficult to spot all of these reports. Furthermore, the militia kommandos had to be investigated, for we had found out that here also forces of the Russian Intelligence Service had been infiltrated. Since other organizations were looking, reports had to be received and passed on which concerned this, especially with regard to agriculture, the harvest was ready to be collected, but there were no tractors, no harvesting machines, not even sickles and tines. We stood there completely empty handed, The Security Police also had to bother their heads about this, and had to inform and to mobilize the competent authorities. In addition there were many other details which are not worth mentioning.
Q. Report now what happened after that?
A. After about two weeks' stay in Berditschew, the kommando leaders were ordered to report to Shitemir, where the staff of Dr. Rasch was quartered. Here Dr Rasch informed us that Obergruppenfuehrer Jeckeln had been there, and had reported that the Reich Fuehrer-SS had ordered to take which measures against the Jews. It had been determined without doubt that the Russian side had ordered to have the SS members and Party members shot. As soon as such measures were being taken on the Russian side, they would also have to be taken on our side. All suspected Jews were, therefore, to be shot, Consideration was to be given only where they Were indispensible as workers. Women and children were to be shot also in order not to have any avengers remain. We were horrified, and COURT II-A, CASE IX raised objection, but they were not with a remark that an order which was given had to be obeyed.
I raised the question whether the RSHA was informed of this, and whether it represented the same opinion. Dr. Rasch answered me that was, of course, the case since the Higher-SS and Police Leader Jeckelm had passed on the order of the Reichfuehrer, this order was binding on everybody, regardless. Here for the first time we saw the dictorial power of the Higher-SS and Police Leader.
THE PRESIDENT: What date was that so we may observe the chronology of events?
THE WITNESS: That must have been about the beginning of the August, the first third of August, If I had to give a date I would say between the 10th and 12th of August.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you,
THE WITNESS: It was Certainly not later than that,
THE PRESIDENT: Very well,
THE WITNESS: I myself was firmly convinced at the time that such a development was not done with the agreement of Heydrich or the RSHA, for I never had heard of anything of this kind, nor had experienced it, and, I would like to add here once more, that this opinion had certainly existed in myself, because I had Heard of this order for the first time, since I did not know about the Streckenbach order, due to my absence from Protsch at the time it was given. BY DR. DURCHHOLZ:
Q. What did you do as a result of this order. Please limit yourself to facts only?
A. Having returned to Berditschew, I discussed these incidents with my internalls among my leaders. I had great confidence in them. I could not very well tell them everything which depressed me, since a thoughtless word would have brought about more harm than good, but I thought COURT II-A CASE IX that I could tell from their conduct that they agreed with me.
After the order had been given, and since the work performed by Jews was of a decisive importance, I told them to see to it above all that the Jewish population be used for work exclusively. I gave them a way out in the interest of my own people, as well as in the interest of the victims, which was to give a misleading report. I had misgivings about this order whether such a measure was fitting or not, but I believe that a misleading report might excuse such a motive. In their reports the detachment commanders were to report about as follows: In locality "X" there were three-hundred Jews. Nov only 280 more who are indispensible as laborers. Since many Jews had fled from those villages, one could merely use these, perhaps, who had fled among these which no longer could be used for work, and, thus we were not telling the untruth, as I did not want to have any lies in my reports, and I told these officers that in my opinion, the order which had now been given, could not possibly have the approval of the RSHA, and I started to wonder how to make out these reports. The Einsatzkommando did have signaling equipment, but it could only wire via the Einsatzgruppe itself, This was therefore not possible. I intended to write a letter to Streckenbach, but I also expressed my worry that the route by APO would be too long.
who needed a furlough urgently. I have forgotten the name of therman. He was a reserve soldier in the Waffen-SS. I know that he was a farmer and that he owns a farm in Schleswig-Holstein. He was destribed to no as reliable. Despite the restriction on furloughs he did receive a furlough, and he received the mission to travel by way of Berlin on his furlough and personally deliver ft letter to Streckenbach. In this letter I asked that Streckenbach might recall me to Berlin for any reason whatsoever as I had to report to him about matters which I could only report orally. The official way was not possible. Since he knew me he would be convinced that I would express such a request only for very urgent reasons which I had never expressed before. The men was sent on his furlough with this letter on the following day. I directed my officers to conduct themselves as they had so far, to avoid any brutal measure and to use the harshest measures only if all the requirements were given. But above all the men were to be given so much police work that the variety of their reports would show that they were being urgently used. The reports told me that my officers did understand what I told them. ordering me to report to Berlin. In the meantime I heard by rumors that Obergruppenfuehrer Jeckeln, together with a major group, among whom there was one member of the Security police as far as I knew, had carried out executions of Jews in the entire area. Jeckeln himself at the time was in Stara Constantinovich.
Q. Did Jeckeln belong to your Einsatzgruppe C?
A. No, Obergruppenfuehrer Jeckeln was Higher SS and Police Leader for the area of Army Group South. His power of command had all security and police units under him in that area, insofar as the SS units were not purely Army units. As Higher SS and Police Leader he was the representative of the Reichsfuehrer-SS in his own area. As I was told he had major units of the regular police with him who were exclusively destined to carry out executions of Jews.
This fact is underlined by a report which is to be found in Document Book I, Exhibit 27, Document No. 3257-PS on page 138. That is page 3 of this report. It reads as follows:
"The Jewish population, after the combat actions, has remained unharmed for the moment," Only weeks, sometimes months later a systematic execution of the Jews was undertaken by units of the regular police. This action went from east to west. It was done publicly and by using some Ukrainian militia, often, unfortunately, with the participation of volunteers from the Army.
Q. Did Jeckeln also come into your area?
A. I just wanted to mention this When I received the radio message which ordered me to report to Berlin various detachments of Jeckeln arrived in Berditschew. BY THE PRESIDENT:
Q. Witness, would you say that generally the Jews were quite opposed to the German forces and attempted to interfere with their progress?
A. I don't understand,
Q. Would you say that generally there was a hostility on the part of the Jewish population toward German forces of all kinds?
A. Not in general, no.
Q. Well, then, do you disagree with the prevalent idea of the National Socialist idea that the Jews were enemies to the best interests of the Reich?
A. I must say, it wasnot to be wondered at, your Honor, considering the intolerance of the Germans against Jewry, one could not expect a friendly attitude from the Jews.
Q. Then you would say that generally there was an unfriendly attitude on the part of the Jews toward the Germans generally speaking?
A. I understood the question to say whether I am of the opinion that the opinion of the Jews toward the Germans was not friendly.
Q. Yes.
A. Yes, I believe that that is definitely true.
Q. Yes.
A. And I had expressed it to the effect that this attitude is not to be wondered at.
Q. Yes, and would you say generally that they were hostile to the German forces and where they could attempted to interfere with their progress?
A. I can't say that in general for the Jewish population, but it is true that among the terrorists and saboteurs and functionaries and among the intelligence men and all these forces whom I described before, doubtlessly there was a great number of Russian citizens of the Jewish faith, to express myself quite definitely.
Q. Would you say in this particular area to which this report refers, the one you read from that there was an organized resistance on the part of the Jews toward the German forces?
A. Your Honor, I cannot tell you that, and I ask you not to interpret my statements to the effect that I want to confirm, that I want to state any facts in this document which are not known to me. I only want to point out in this report that here it was not the Security Police who did this by themselves, but that Obergruppenfuehrer Jeckeln with units of the regular police, to which no member of the Security Police belonged, became effective in this area.
Q. Do I understand then that you were not familiar with the local situation in that area referred to in the report from which you just read?
A. No, not to any extent.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well. BY DB. DURCHHOLZ:
Q. You were just telling us whether Jeckeln was also active in your area. I think that was also the question of his Honor.
A. When I received the radio message to report to Berlin and that advanced detachment of Jeckeln appeared in Berditschew, an officer whom I questioned told me that Jeckeln was being moved from Stara Constantinovich to Berditschew.
My whole thought was to avoid a meeting between my kommando and his and to be active in other localities in such a manner so as not to disturb his police activities and still to chose localities in which one could not expect any great Jewish actions, Therefore, when I prepared my trip to Berlin on the 23rd of August, I gave the order to move my staff to Skwira immediately where one of my detachments had already set up headquarters. Skwira is about ninety kilometers east of Berditschew. The detachments were to be used in the same manner further east. This order was carried out on the 26th of August. As I heard later from a detachment commander the three detachments were in Swenigorodka, Tarashja, and the third was near Stavishe on a collective farm.
DR. DURCHHOLZ: Your Honor, if it is your intention to have a recess. I would like to propose that it be now because the succeeding part should not be interrupted.
THE PRESIDENT: The proposal is received with welcome. The Tribunal will be in recess for fifteen minutes.
(A recess was taken) Court2-a case 9