*---* "Direct hostility to the church was revealed in regulations against orders and monasteries, Catholic schools and institutions, against religious foundations and activities, against the buildings of ecclesiastical houses and institutions; without the least right to defend themselves they were declared enemies of both people and state and their existence destroyed.
"Religious instruction and education of children and youth were purposely limited, frequently entirely prevented. They encouraged in every manner all efforts hostile to religion and the church and thus sought to rob the children and youth of our people of the most valuable treasure of holy faith and of true morality born of the Spirit of God. Unfortunately the attempt succeeded in innumerable cases to the permanent damage of young people, "Spiritual care of souls in churches and ecclesiastical houses, in hospitals and other institutions was seriously obstructed.
It was made ineffectual in the Armed Forces and in the Labor Service in the sending of youth to the country and beyond that even in individual families and among numerous persons, to say nothing of the prohibition of spiritual ministration to people of another nationality and of other races.
"How often was the Divine Service as such, also sermons, folk missions, communion days, retreats, processions, pilgrimages limited, for the most impossible reasons, and made entirely impossible.
"Catholic literature, newspapers, periodicals, church papers, religious writings were stopped, books and libraries destroyed.
"What an injustic occurred in the dissolution of many Catholic societies in the destruction of numerous church activities.
"Individual Catholic and Christian believers whose religious confession was allegedly free, were spied upon, criticized on account of their belief, scorned on account of their Christian activity. How many loyal officials, teachers, public and private employees, laborers, businessmen and artisans, indeed even peasants were put under pressure and terror. Many lost their jobs, some were pensioned off, others dismissed without pension, demoted, deprived of their real professional activity.
Often enough, such people who remained loyal to their convictions were discriminated against, condemned to hunger or tortured in concentration camps. Christianity and the church were continually scorned and exposed to hatred.
"The apostasy movement found every assistance. Every opportunity was used to induce many to withdraw from the church." Austria, the Court will recall that the Defendant von Schirach was Gauleiter of Vienna from 1940 to 1945. the Court will recollect, the Defendant von Neurath was Reich Protector for Bohemia and Moravia from 1939 to 1943, and was succeeded by the Defendant Frick. These acts have been summarized in an official Czech Government report. I offer in evidence 998-PS, USA Exhibit No. 91, already in evidence. These are excerpts not previously read or referred to from the Czech official report for the prosecution and trial of the German major war criminals by the International Military Tribunal established according to the agreement of the four great Powers of August 8, 1945. Since this is an official Government document or report of one of the United Nations. I ask that the Tribunal take judicial notice of it under Article 21 of the Charter, and I suggest that I be permitted to summarize rather than read it. were sent to concentration camps as hostages -- dissolution of religious orders, suppression of religious instruction in Czech schools, suppression of Catholic weeklies and monthlies, dissolution of the Catholic gymnastic organization of 800,000 members, and seizure of Catholic church property. It describes the entire prohibition of the Czechoslovak National Church and confiscation of all its property in Slovakia, and its crippling in Bohemia.
The report Czech Orthodox Church.
It states that all Evangelical teachers lost the Catholic Church in Poland into three areas:
First, the Incorporated Territories, especially the Warthegau; second, the Gouvernment General;formed at that time.
This included Warsaw and Cracow. After the Nazis For the purpose of tying in the defendants' responsibility for the the reorganization of the Eastern territories.
The defendant Frank was head of the Gouvernment General from 1939 to 1945.
The defendant Seyss Inquart was Deputy Governor General there from 1939 to 1940.
And the Number 571, headed "Memorandum of the Secretariate of State to the German Embassy regarding the Religious Situation in the 'Warthegau', October 8, 1942". This document bears a certificate of authenticity from the Vatican, signed by the Papal Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, corresponding to that accompanying 3261-PS, read in evidence a few minutes ago.
Unless the Court requires otherwise, I suggest that it is not necessary to read each of these series, which are all similar to each other. I quote from 3263-PS, the first paragraph:
"For quite a long time the religious situation in the region called 'Warthegau' gives cause for very grave and ever-increasing anxiety. There, in fact, the Episcopate has been little by little almost completely eliminated; the secular and regular clergy have been reduced to proportion that are absolutely inadequate, because they have been in large part deported and exiled; the education of clerics has been forbidden; the Catholic education of youth is meeting with the greatest opposition; the nuns have been dispersed; insurmountable obstacles have been put in the way of affording people the helps of religion; very many churches have been closed; Catholic intellectual and charitable institutions have been destroyed; ecclesiastical property has been seized." defendant von Ribbentrop, Foreign Minister of the Reich, a note setting forth in detail the persecutions of Bishops, priests and other ecclesiastics and suppression of the exercise of religion in the occupied Polish provinces. This document is so explicit and so authoritative that it deserves extensive quotation. I accordingly offer it in evidence, Document Number 3264-PS, USA Exhibit Number 572. It is headed: "A Note of His Eminence the Cardinal Secretary of State to the Foreign Minister of the Reich about the religious situation in the 'Warthegau', and in the other Polish provinces subject to Germany". It bears a Vatican certific of authenticity like that of 3261-PS. It is signed L.Card.Maglione.
the English mimeographed text and of the German translation:
"The place where, above all, the religious situation, by its the 'Reichsgau Wartheland'."Six bishops resided in that region in August 1939; now there is left only one.
In fact:
"The Bishop of Lodz (Litzmannstadt) and his Auxiliary were, in the diocese and then expelled and exiled in the "Generalgouvernment.
' "Another Bishop, Mgr.
Michael Kozal, Auxiliary and Vicar General of concentration camp at Dachau.
"Since His Eminence the Cardinal Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan and the Bishop of Wladislavia, who had gone away during the period of military operations, were not allowed to return to their Sees, the only Bishop who now remains in the 'Warthegau' is His Excellency Mgr. Valentine Dymek, Auxiliary of Poznan; and he, at least up to November 1942, was interned in his own house." paragraph of the German text:
"If the lot of their Excellencies the Bishops has been a source of anxiety for the Holy See, the condition of an immense number of priests and religious has caused it and still causes it no less grief.
"In the territory now called 'Warthegau', more than two thousand priests exercised their ministry before the war; they are now reduced to a very small number.
"According to accounts received from various quarters by the Holy See, in the first months of the military occupation not a few members of the secular clergy were shot or otherwise put to death, while others - some hundreds - were imprisoned or treated in an unseemly manner, being forced into employments unbecoming their state and exposed to scorn and derision.
"Then, while numbers of ecclesiastics were exiled or constrained in some other way to take refuge in the 'General-gouvernment', many others were transferred to concentration camps. At the beginning of October 1941, the priests from the dioceses of the 'Warthegau' detained in Dachau already numbered several hundreds; but their number increased considerably in that month following a sharp intensification of police measures which culminated in the imprisonment and deportation of further hundreds of ecclesiastics. Entire 'Kreise' (districts) remained thus completely deprived of clergy. In the city of Poznan itself the spiritual, care of some 200,000 Catholics remained in the hands of not more than four priests.
"No less painful was the fate reserved for the regular clergy. Many religious were shot or otherwise killed; the great majority of the others were imprisoned, deported or expelled.
"In the same way, far-reaching measures were taken against the institutions preparing candidates for the ecclesiastical state. The diocesan seminaries of Gniezno and Posnan, of Wladislavia, and of Lodz were closed. The seminary in Poznan for the training of priests destined to work among Polish Catholics abroad was also closed.
"The novitiates and houses of formation of the religious Orders and Congregations were closed.
"Not even the Nuns were able to continue their charitable activities without molestation. For them were set up a special concentration camp at Bojanowo, where towards the middle of 1941 about four hundred sisters were interned and employed in manual labor. To a representation of the Holy See made through the Apostolic Nunciature in Berlin your Reichministry for Foreign Affairs replied in the Memorandum Pol. III 1886 of September 28 of the same year, that it was only question of a temporary measure, taken with the consent of the Reichslieutenant for Wartheland, in order to supply the lack of housing for Polish Catholic Sisters. In the same memorandum it was admitted that as a result of reorganization of charitable institutions many Catholic sisters were without employment.
"But, in spite of the fact that this measure was declared to be temporary, it is certain that towards the end of 1942 some hundreds of Nuns were still interned at Bojenowo. It is established that for some time the religious were deprived even of spiritual help.
"Likewise in the matter of education and religious instruction of youth, no attention was paid in the 'Warthegau' to the rights of the Catholic Church.
"All the Catholic schools were suppressed."
THE PRESIDENT: Who was the Foreign Minister of the Reich at the time that document was sent?
COLONEL WHEELER: The defendant von Ribbentrop.
THE PRESIDENT: Ribbentrop.
COLONEL WHEELER: I turn to Page 4, the tenth paragraph of the English text, Page 5, fourth paragraph of the German text:
"The use of the Polish language in sacred functions, and even in the Sacrament of Penance, was forbidden. Moreover-- and this is a matter worthy of special mention and is at variance with the natural law and with the dispositions accepted by the legal systems of all nations--for the celebration of marriage between Poles the minimum age limit was fixed at 28 years for men and 25 years for women.
"Catholic action was so badly hit as to be completely destroyed. The National Institute, which was at the head of the whole Catholic Action Movement in Poland, was suppressed; as a result all the associations belonging to it, which were flourishing, as well as all Catholic cultural, charity and social service institutions were abolished.
"In the whole of the 'Warthegau' there is no longer any Catholic press and not even a Catholic bookshop.
"Grave measures were repeatedly taken with regard to ecclesiastical property.
"Many of the churches closed to public worship were turned over to profane uses. From such an insult not even the Cathedrals of Gniezne, Poznan, Wladislavia and Lodz were spared. Episcopal residences were confiscated, the real estate belonging to the seminaries, convents, diocesan museums, libraries and Church funds were confiscated or sequestered."
I pass now to the third full paragraph on page 5, a two-line paragraph:
"Even before ecclesiastical property was affected, the allowances to the clergy had been abolished."
Now, reading from Page 6, the fourth'full paragraph of the English text:
"The administrative regulations published by the Lieutenant's office for the application of the Ordinance of September 13, 1941 made the situation of the Catholics in that region still more difficult.
"For example, on November 19, 1941 came a decree of the Reichslieutenant by which among other things it was set forth that, as from the previous September 13, the property of the former juridical persons of the Roman Catholic Church should pass over to the 'Romischkatholischen Kirche deutscher Nationalist im Reichsgau Wartheland' in so far as, on the request of the above-mentioned 'Religionsgesellschaft' such property shall be recognized by the Reichslieutenant as 'non-Polish property.
' In virtue of this decree practically all the goods of the Catholic Church in the 'Warthegau' were lost."
Now I pass to page 7, the second full paragraph:
"If we pass from the 'Warthegau' to the other territories in the east, we unfortunately find there, too, acts and measures against the rights of the Church and of the Catholic faithful, though they vary in gravity and extension from one place to another.
"In the Provinces which were declared annexed to the German Reich and joined up with the Gaue of East Prussia, of Danzig-West Prussia and of Upper Silesia, the situation is very like that described above in regard to Seminaries, the use of the Polish mother-tongue in sacred functions, charitable works, associations of Catholic Action, the separation of the faithful according to nationality. There, too, one must deplore the closing of churches to public worship, the exile, deportation, the violent death of not a few of the Clergy (reduced by two-thirds in the diocese of Culma and by at least a third in the diocese of Katowice), the suppression of religious instruction in the schools, and above all the complete suppression in fact of the Episcopate. Actually, after the Bishop of Culma, who had left during the military operations, had been refused permission to return to his diocese, there followed -- in February 1941 -the expulsion of the Bishop of Plock and his Auxiliary, who both died later in captivity; the Bishop, the venerable octogenarian Mgr. Julian Anthony Nowowiejski died at Dzialdowo on May 28, 1941, and the Auxiliary, Mgr. Leo Wetmanski, 'in a transit camp' on October 10th of the same year.
"In the territory called the 'Generalgouvernement' as in the Polish provinces which had been occupied by Soviet troops in the period between September 1939 and June 1941, the religious situation is such as to cause the Holy See lively apprehension and serious preoccupation.
Without pausing to describe the treatment meted out in many cases to the clergy (priests imprisoned, deported and even put to death), the confiscation of ecclesiastical property, the closing of churches, the suppression even of associations and publications of simply and exclusively religious character, the closing of the Catholic secondary and higher schools and of the Catholic University of Lublin, let it suffice to recall two series of specially grave measures: those which affect the Seminaries and those which weigh on the Episcopate.
"When the buildings of the various Seminaries had been completely or in part occupied, the intention for some time (November 1940-February 1941) was to reduce these institutions for the training of priests to two -those of Cracow and Sandomir; then the others were permitted to reopen, but only on condition that no new students were admitted, which in practice inevitably means that all these institutions will soon be closed." deported or confined in concentration camps. The majority of them were transferred to the Altreich, where their number already exceeds a thousand."
THE PRESIDENT: What was the Altreich?
COLONEL WHEELER: The Altreich is the Old Reich of Germany.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
COLONEL WHEELER: "When the Holy See asked that they should be liberated and be permitted to emigrate to neutral countries of Europe or America (1940), the petition was refused; it was only promised that they should all be collected in the concentration camp at Dachau, that they should be dispensed from too hard labor, and that some should be permitted to say Mass, which the others could hear.
"The treatment of the ecclesiastics interned at Dachau, which, for a certain time, in 1941, was in fact somewhat mitigated, worsened again at the end of that year. Particularly sorrowful were the announcements which for many months, in 1942, came from that camp of the frequent deaths of priests, even of some young priests among them."
I pass by two paragraphs:
"Polish Catholics are not allowed to contract marriage in the territory of the Altreich; just as requests for religious instruction or instruction in preparation for Confession and Holy Communion for the children of these workers are, in principle, not accepted." religious affairs in the overrun territories is disclosed in Document 3266-PS, USA Exhibit 573, which I now offer in evidence. This is a letter from the Cardinal Archbishop of Breslau to the Papal Secretary of State, dated December 7, 1942. It bears a Vatican authentication similar to those already read. bility for determining the policy and exercising final authority on religious questions in the occupied territories. I quote from page 1, the first paragraph of this letter, and remind the Court that the Defendant Bormann was at that time Chief of the Nazi Party Chancery, and that the defendant Kaltenbrunner was the chief of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt, the RSHA. I quote from 3266-PS, beginning with the sixth line:
"About some of the gravest injuries inflicted on the Church I not only protested on each occasion as the individual incident occurred, but I also made a most formal protest about them in globo in a document which, as spokesman of all the Hierarchy, I sent to the supreme Ruler of the State and to the Ministries of the Reich on December 10, 1941. Not a word by way of answer has been sent to us.
"Your Eminence knows very well the greatest difficulty in the way of opening negotiations comes from the overruling authority which the "National Socialist Party Chancery" exercises in relation to the Chancery of the Reich and to the single Reich Ministries.
This Partei-Kanzlei directs the course to be followed by the State, whereas the Ministries and the Chancery of the Reich are obliged and compelled to adjust their decrees to these directions. Besides, there is the fact that the Supreme Office for the Security of the Reich, called the Reichssicherheitshauptamt enjoys an authority which precludes all legal action and all appeals. Under it are the Secret Offices for Public Security, called Geheime Staats-polizei, (a title shortened usually to Gestapo) of which there is one for each Province. Against the decrees of this Central Office and of the Secret Offices there is no appeal through the Courts, and no complaint made to the Ministries has any effect. Not infrequently the Councillors of the Ministries suggest that they have not been able to do as they would wish to, because of the opposition of these Party offices. As far as the executive power is concerned, the organization called the SS, that is Schutzstaffeln der Partei, is in practice supreme.
"On a number of very grave and fundamental issues we have also presented our complaints to the Supreme Leader of the Reich, the Fuehrer. Either no answer is given, or it is apparently edited by the above-mentioned Party Chancery, which does not consider itself bound by the Concordat made with the Holy See."
I now offer in evidence Document Number 3279-PS, USA Exhibit 574. This is an excerpt from Charge Number 17 against the defendant Hans Frank, Governor General of Poland, entitled "Maltreatment and Persecution of the Catholic Clergy in the Western Provinces," submitted by the Polish Government under the terms of Article 21 of the Four-Power Agreement of August 8, 1945. This gives further figures indicating the extent of the persecution of priests. I quote:
"The extract attached hereto and dealing with the "General Conditions and Results of the Persecution", is taken from the text of Charge 17, page 5, paragraph IV, of the Polish Government against the defendants named in the Indictment before the International Military Tribunal, Subject:"Maltreatment and Persecution of the Catholic Clergy in the Incorporated Western Provinces of Poland". It is a true translation into English of the original Polish. accordance with article 21 of the Charter of the Court".
Signed: "Dr. Tadeusz Cyprian, Polish Deputy Representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission in London, signing on behalf of the Polish Government and of the Main Commission for Investigation of German War Crimes in Poland, whose seal I hereby attach".
THE PRESIDENT: I don't think you need read such certificate as that.
COLONEL WHEELER: This is the only one, sir, that I have.
I now read from this extract:
"General Conditions and Results of the Persecution:
"11. The general situation of the clergy in the Archdiocese of Poznan in the beginning of April 1940 is summarized in the following words of Cardinal Hlond's second report:
"Five priests shot; 27 priests confined in harsh concentration camps at Stutthof and in other camps; 190 priests in prison or in concentration camps at Bruczkow, Chlodowo, Gerusski, Kazimiers, Buskupi, Lad, Lublin and uszczykowe; 35 priests seriously ill in consequence of ill treatment; 122 parishes entirely left without priests."
"12. In the diocese of Chelmno, where about 650 priests were installed before the war, only 3 percent were allowed to stay, the 97 percent of them were imprisoned, executed or put into concentration comps.
"13. By January 1941 about 700 priests were killed, 3,000 were in prison or concentration camps."
I refer also to Document No. 3268-A-PS, USA Exhibit No. 356, excerpts from the Allocution of Pope Pius XII to the Sacred College, June 2, 1945, which has already been introduced into evidence and read very extensively. I shall not read from that again. This gives some very revealing figures concerning the priests and lay brothers confined in the concentration camp at Dachau.
imprisonment of 2,800 ecclesiastical and religions in Dachau alone from 1940 to 1945, of whom all but about 800 were dead by April 1945, including an Auxiliary Bishop. Struggle of the Nazi conspirators against the Catholic Church. Court proves that the attempted suppression of the Christian Churches in Germany, Austria, Czechoslevakia, and Poland was an integral part of the Defendants' conspiracy to eliminate internal opposition and otherwise to prepare for and wage aggressive war, and shows the same conspiratorial pattern as their other war crimes against humanity.
COLONEL STOREY: If the Tribunal please, before we present the subject of individual defendants, by agreement with our British colleagues, Mr. Elwyn Jones All now present a brief subject entitled "Aggression as a Basic Nazi Idea". Mr. Elwyn Jones.
Mr. ELWYN JONES: May it please the Tribunal, it is now my duty to draw to the Tribunal's attention a document which became the statement of faith of these defendants. I refer to Hitler's Mein Kampf. It is perhaps appropriate that this should be considered at this stage of the trial just before the Prosecution presents to the Tribunal the evidence against the individual defendants under counts 1 and 2 of the Indictment, for this book, Mein Kampf, we to the defendants adequate foreknowledge of the unlawful aims of the Nazi leadership. It was not only Hitler's political testament; by adoption it became theirs. aggression. Its whole tenor and content enforce the Prosecution's submission that the Nazi pursuit of aggressive designs was no mere accident arising out of the immediate political situation in Europe and the world which existed during the period of Nazi power. serve their aims in foreign policy was part of the very creed of the Nazy Party.
A great German philosopher once said that ideas have hands and feet. It became the deliberate aim of these defendants to see to it that the idea, doctrines, and policies of Mein Kampf should become the active faith and guide for action of the German nation, and particularly of its malleable youth. 1933 to 1939 an extensive indoctrination in the ideas of Main Kampf was pursued in the schools and universities of Germany, as well as in the Hitler Youth, under the direction of the Defendant Baldur von Schirach, and in the SA and SS, and amongst the German population as a whole, by the agency of the Defendant Rosenberg.
newly married couples in Germany, and I now hand to the Tribunal such a wedding present from the Nazis to the newlyweds of Germany, For the purposes of the record it will be Exhibit No. GB-128. The Tribunal will see that the dedication on the fly-leaf of that copy reads: "To the newly married couple, Friedrich Rosebrock and Else Geborene Zum Beck, with best wishes for a happy and blessed marriage. Presented by the Communal Administration on the occasion of their marriage on the 14th of November, 1940. For the Mayor, the Registrar." contents page, that that edition of Mein Kampf, which was the 1945 edition, brought the number of copies of Mein Kampf published to 6,250,000. This was the scale upon which this book was distributed. It was blasphemously called "The Bible of the German people." this book poisoned a generation and distorted the outlook of a whole people. preach for years, as long as ten years, that the Slav peoples are inferior races and that the Jews are subhuman, then it must logically follow that the killing of millions of these human beings is accepted as a natural phenomenon. and the gas chambers of Maidonek. to the Tribunal by quotations from the book, which are set out in the extracts which I trust are now before the Tribunal, and those extracts are set out in the order in which I shall, with the Tribunal's permission, refer to them.
Now, these quotations fall into two main categories. The first category is that of general expression of Hitler's belief in the necessity of force as the means of solving international problems. The second category is that of Hitler's more explicit declarations on the policy which Germany must pursue.
three chapters, 13, 14, and 15, of Part II of Mein Kampf, in which Hitler's views on foreign policy were expounded; and the significance of that fact will be realized if the Tribunal looks at the German edition of Mein Kampf, when the Tribunal will observe that Part II of Mein Kampf-the second part of Mein Kampf--was first published in 1927, that is to say, less than two years after the Locarno Pact and within a few months of Germany's entry into the League of Nations. The date of the publication of these passages, therefore, brands them as a repudiation of the policy of international cooperation embarked upon by Streseman, and as a deliberate defiance of the attempt to establish, through the League of Nations, the rule of law in international affairs. general view held by Hitler and accepted and propagated by the defendants about war and aggression generally. The first quotation, from page 556 of Mein Kampf, reads:
"The soil on which we now live was not a gift bestowed by Heaven on our forefathers. But they had to conquer it by risking their lives. So also in the future our people will not obtain territory, and therewith the means of existence, as a favour from any other people, but will have to win it by the power of a triumphant sword." Of the years of peace before 1914 he wrote:
"Thus I used to think it an ill-deserved stroke of bad luck that I had arrived on this terrestrial globe, and I felt chagrined at the iead that my life would have to run its course along peaceful and orderly lines."
THE PRESIDENT: A little bit slower, please.
MR. ELWYN JONES: I beg your Lordship's pardon.
"As a boy I was anything but a pacifist and all attempts to make me so turned out futile."
Generally, Hitler wrote of war in this way. On page 162 we find:
"In regard to the part played by humane feeling, Moltke stated that in time of war the essential thing is to get a decision as quickly as possible and that the most ruthless methods of fighting are at the same time the most humane.
When people attempt to answer this reasoning by highfalutin talk about aesthetics, etc., only one answer can be given. It is that the vital questions involved in the struggle of a nation for its existence must not be subordinated to any aesthetic considerations." defendants the Prosecution will prove in the course of this trial.
Hitler's assumption of an inevitable law of struggle for survival is linked up in Chapter II of Book I of Mein Kampf, with the doctrine of Aryan superiority over other races and the right of Germans in virtue of this superiority to dominate and use other peoples for their own ends. The whole of Chapter II of Mein Kampf is dedicated to this master race theory, and, indeed, many of the later speeches of Hitler, his addresses to his generals, etc., were mainly repetitive of Chapter II.
If the Court will look at the extract from page 256, it reads as follows:
"Had it not been possible for them to employ members of the inferior race which they conquered, the Aryans would never have been in a position to take the first steps on the road which led them to a later type of culture; just as, without the help of certain suitable animals which they were able to tame, they would never have come to the invention of mechanical power, which has subsequently enabled them to do without these beasts.
"For the establishment of superior types of civilization the members of inferior races formed one of the most essential prerequisites." general ideas to Germany:
"If in its historical development", he writes, "the German people had possessed the unity of herd instinct by which other people have so much benefited, then the German Reich would probably be mistress of the globe to-day. World history would have taken another course, and in this case no man can tell if what many blinded pacifists hope to attain by petitioning, whining and crying may not have been reached in this way; namely, a peace which would not be based upon the waving of olive branches and tearful misery-mongering of pacifist old women, but a peace that would be guaranteed by the triumphant sword of a people endowed with the power to master the world and administer it in the service of a higher civilization." Hitler's love of war and scorn of those whom he described as pacifists. The underlying message of the whole of this book, which appears again and again, is, firstly, that the struggle for existence requires the organization and use of force; secondly, that the Aryan-German is superior to other races and has the right to conquer and rule them; thirdly, that all doctrines which preach peaceable solutions of inter-national problems represent a disastrous weakness in a nation that adopts them. of the possibility of any rule of law in international affairs. Tribunal to consider the more definite passages in which Hitler deals with specific problems of German foreign policy.
policy. It reads -- page 1, column 1:
"German-Austria must be restored to the great German Motherland. And not, indeed, on any grounds of economic calculation whatsoever. No, no. Even if the union were a matter of economic indifference, and even if it were to be disadvantageous from the economic standpoint, still it ought to take place. People of the same blood should be in the same Reich. The German people will have no right to engage in a colonial policy until they shall have brought all their children together in one State. When the territory of the Reich embraces all the Germans and finds itself unable to assure them a livelihood, only then can the moral right arise, from the need of the people, to acquire foreign territory. The plough is then the sword; and the tears of war will produce the daily bread for the gernations to come." of Germany's frontiers as they were in 1941 would be wholly insufficient for his purposes. At page 553 he writes:
"In regard to this point I should like to make the following statement: To demand that the 1914 frontiers should be restored is a glaring political absurdity that is fraught with such consequences as to make the claim itself appear criminal. The confines of the Reich as they existed in 1941 were thoroughly illogical; because they were not really complete, in the sense of including all the members of the German nation.