I think I am in the position to give you at least some information, namely:
"During the time from January to March, 1944, I was stationed as noncommissioned officer of a railway anti-aircraft unit for the protection of the Messerschmitte works at Regensburg-Obertraublingen directly on the outskirts of the airfield belonging to the works. There it happened in the middle of February, 1944, that without starting signal an Me 109 took off suddenly, and, unfortunately, somewhat too steeply, with the result that it dropped again and had to make a crash landing. It was found that two fugitive Russian prisoners of war with officer's rank were in the machine and still alive. Since the Me 109 is only a one man fighter, the other naturally had to hide in an uncomfortable position in the hull. Concerning the further fate of the two Russians after they were taken away, I regret not to be able to give any further details. Anyhow, it was said that they were kept imprisoned and were not allowed to work freely anymore. I myself talked, although it was forbidden, to some prisoners -- they were working on the landing field there -- who told me the same of their comrades. Moreover, these people gave one the impression of being quite satisfied. At the most of the working places these prisoners are left unguarded, which alone made the attempt to escape possible.
"I hope this information will be of service to you. If necessary, I would have to inquire from my war comrades who perhaps will know more about the above incident.
"I am glad to be of assistance to you.
"Yours truly "(Signed) Hans Winterstein "(4th Letter) "Adolf Janko, Hachtal 63, (14a) District Mergentheim.
"Dr. Bergold, Attorney, Nuernberg.
"In answer to your inquiry I can give you the following information:
"The two prisoners of war were Russian officers who tried to escape with a new Me 109 ready for delivery from the air base Oberttaubling near Regensburg. They had a mishap when starting; the machine was totally wrecked while the two wore unhurt. They were shot a few days later on the target range of the air base by a Police Unit.
"(Signed) Janko Adolf" After I found out those things, namely, that the incident which was taken from the records of the 16th of February of the Central Planning Board and which had been mentioned by Milch, could only have been the incident in Obertraubling because the other incident, the one in Prenzlau, at the air-field, Prenzlau, could not have been considered.
It couldn't have been that one because the Russian prisoners escaped with the plane, and they escaped to Sweden.
THE PRESIDENT: It doesn't say that they escaped to Sweden.
DR BERGOLD: Well, they were never seen again.
THE PRESIDENT: All right, It merely says that they had enough gasoline to have gotten -
DR BERGOLD: Yes, indeed -
THE PRESIDENT: -- to Sweden.
DR. BERGOLD: -- Your Honor. This could only have been the incident of Obertraubling because the two Russian prisoners before the two there were officers which then were shot.
MR. DENNEY: I assume, too, Your Honor, that the plane was not known to be going to Sweden, and that they could have gone just as far in any other direction as they could have gone if they were going to Sweden.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, Sweden is just used as a measure of distance.
MR DENNEY: Yes.
DR BERGOLD: Do not forget that Milch declared that the two prisoners of war, the Russian prisoners of war, had attempted to escape and that the plane had immediately crashed. That is exactly what it says in the records.
of the 16th of February. That particular plane from Prenzlau did not crash, at least not in Prenzlau, whereas in the record of the 16th of February it says that they immediately crashed.
THE PRESIDENT: I think we understand your point.
DR. BERGOLD: I would like to submit now the next exhibit number 41, an affidavit of Hubert Klein of 28 January 1947 which is on page 6, Your Honors. It reads as fellows:
"I, Hubert Klein, born 11 January 1890 in Duesseldorf, temporary address Internment Camp, Regensburg, have been informed that I render myself liable to punishment if I make a false statement in my affidavit. I declare on oath that my deposition is true and was made to be submitted as evidence to the Military Tribunal No. II in the Palace of Justice, Nuernberg, Germany.
"In 1944 I was an employee of the firm Messerschmitt. In the middle of February 1944 two Russian officers tried to escape with a Me 109 which was ready for delivery. When starting, the machine rolled over and was totally wrecked. The exact date I do not know. As far as I remember, the fugitives were handed over to the Stapo (State Police) by the camp guard. According to information from Stalag officers" -- Stalag is prisoner of war camp -- "(Stalag Main Camp for PW's) an order existed already that the flight of officers from prisoner-of-war camps must be reported to the Fuehrer. This report was undoubtedly made. About two to three days later the fugitives were shot by the Police in Obertraublingen. They were brought back from Regensburg to Obertraubling to be shot there. I believe that the order to shoot them was given by the Fuehrer. It was generally assumed at the time from the behavior of the Russian officers that it was an act of sabotage.
"(Signed) Hubert Klein "This is to certify the correctness of the above signature of Herr Hubert Klein, Regensburg, internment and labor camp, made in the presence of the chief of the camp and of Dr. Warner Milch.
Internment and labor Camp Regensburg, 28 January 1947. "(Signed) Chief of the Camp" and furthermore:
"Dr. Werner Milch, Internment and Labor Camp, Regensburg."
The following affidavit is No. 42, and affidavit of Fritz Hans Adolf Popp, of 15 February 1947. It reads as follows:
"I, Fritz Hans Adolf Popp, born in Nurnberg, on 30 June 1882, at present in a special camp Dachau, cage 2, have been informed that I am liable to punishment if I make a false statement under oath. I declare on oath that my statement is true and that it was made for the purpose of being submitted as evidence before Military Tribunal No. 2 at the Palace of Justice in Nurnberg, Germany.
"From April 1939 I was the head of the police directorate Regensburg and since 1944 the head of the secret Police H.Q. in Regensburg.
"About February 1944 2 Russian officers employed by the firm Messerschmitt Obertraubling, attempted to escape in an Me 109. Shortly after taking off the plane crashed. Both passengers were still alive.
"According to the existing regulations the escape had to be reported to the Reich Main Security Office and to the Reich Defense Commissioner. At this time the escape of officers had in addition probably to be reported through the OKW.
"The handling of this case was not in my hands. Therefore I can no longer state the correct date. I only recall that the order for the execution by shooting was given by the Fueher.
"From my knowledge of the channels of command and rank I consider it impossible that the order for the execution by shooting was given by an officer of the Luftwaffe. Neither my department nor the prisoner of war camps (Stalags) were subordinated to the Luftwaffe. Signed: Fritz Popp.
"Herewith we certify and testify to the correctness of the above signature of Fritz Hans Adolf Popp at present in the special camp in Dachau, made by the undersigned.
Dachau, 15 February 1947 Signed:
Dr Werner Milch Assistant defense counsel at the Military Tribunal No. II Signed:
Dr Joseph Weisgerber Defense counsel at the Military Tribunal No. 1 Exhibit No. 43, an affidavit of Adolf Berthelmess of the 28th of January 1947, on page 8 of your Honors' book.
It reads as follows:
"I, Adolf Barthelmess, born in Nurnberg on 24 October 1894, address Nurnberg, have been informed that I am liable to punishment if I make a false statement under oath. I declare on oath that my statement is true and that it was made for the purpose of being submitted as evidence before the Military Tribunal No. 2 at the Palace of Justice in Nurnberg, Germany.
"From January 1941 until the end of the war I was active as officer and expert to the commander of the prisoners of war within the Army Corps Area XIII. From my knowledge acquired there I can give the following testimony:
1.) Without having worked on the case myself, I remember the escape in a place from the plant airfield of the firm Messerschmitt attempted by 2 Russian officers very well, because this case was discussed in detail in the office on account of the peculiarity of its execution and the manner in which it was carried out.
2.) According to my memory in spring 1944 - with a proviso- it may have been in the middle of the month February, the company chief of the home guard company (Landesschuetzen Kompanie) reported to the commander of the prisoners of war, by phone, as it was ordered, that on the day of the phone call 2 Russian officers had attempted to escape from a working detail at the Messerschmitt plants in a plane of the ME 109 type which was ready to take off. The plane had rolled a couple of hundred meters, could not take off and was then stopped by a ridge, turned over and both prisoners of war had been thrown out, one had been injured slightly, the other more severely. The prisoners of war had been picked up and were in the hands of the police. The escape was made possible by the carelessness cf auxiliary guards and the plant policemen.
"This report was probably received by the commander of the prisoners of war a few hours after the incident had taken place.
3.) As ordered, the report was handed on to the OKW Chief of prisoners of war in the usual manner by teletype, as this had to be done by teletype in all cases of escapes of officers who were prisoners of war in order to be submitted to the Fuehrer; this was ordered by the OKW chief for the prisoners of war.
4.) The prisoners of war were in the hands of the police, as according to an order given in 1942, Russian prisoners of wan recaptured after an attempt to escape remained with the police for interrogation, and the police alone was competent to decide whether perhaps the prisoners had to be handed back to the Wehrmacht.
5.) Even before the OKW had received the teletype, a phone call came through from there and a report was requested to be submitted to the Fuehrer as quickly as possible. Therefore the Fuehrer's Headquarters or Hitler himself learned about the attempt to escape from another source already prior to the teletype, because the latter already requested information from the OKW. Therefore it was reported either through party channels, through Gau leadership-Reich leadership (Bormann), or through the police channel, through Secret State Police Reich Main Security Office. The fact that Gauleiter Waschtler in his capacity as Reich Defense Commissioner required information about the case very early by phone, suggests the first way. A written report was requested as quickly as possible through the official channel and was submitted to the OKW.
I would like to make a remark here that the affidavit by Fritz Popp already testified to the fact that such an escape, the report of an escape, had to go through the Reich Main Security Office and to the Reich Defense Commissioner and escape of officers reported through the OKW: and that in this affidavit the fact that Gauleiter Waschtler of the Defense Commissioner required such information.
I shall continue:
6.) A few days later the commander for the prisoners of war was informed by the competent camp commander that the police intended to shoot both prisoners of war in public. The commander, Major General Anger made his protest against that by phone to the OKW, chief of prisoners of war, and received either immediately or through a phone call from there the reply that Hitler was very much interested in this case and had himself decided and had given the respective order.
Furthermore the incident was the affair of the police in the hands of whom the prisoners of war were and which also had to carry out the order.
1416-a "7.) My answer to the question, whether in my opinion an office of the Luftwaffe could have given the order for the shooting of the prisoners of war, is in the negative.
It is based on my knowledge of the usual channels of command, because I consider it unlikely that the police or Secret State Police would have complied with an order given by a department to which they were not subordinate, neither our office, nor the Stalags, nor the Police were subordinated to the Luftwaffe. Signed: Adolf Barthelmess.
"The above signature, made by Adolf Barthelmess, address Nurnberg, Theatergasse 13, before the attorney at law Dr. Freidrich Bergold is herewith certified as being correct. Nurnberg, 28 January 1947. Signature. Friedrich Bergold."
Before I introduce Exhibit No. 44 I would like to submit this addition to Exhibit No. 36. This is an addition which I have here in order to show the logical connection. This is an affidavit of Kurt Linde. I should like to read it now:
"I, Kurt Linde, born 25 October 1395 at Gellnow, Pommeramia, formerly major general, now in the hospital for PW's, Garmisch, have been told that it is an offense to make wrong statements on oath. I hereby declare on oath that my statement corresponds to the truth and has been made in order to be offered to Military Tribunal in Nurnberg as evidence.
Since 1 February 1944 I was deputy chief of the Allgemeine Wehrmachtsamt in the OKW. The chief of the department for PWs was part of that office.
"When I took over my office mass escapes were an almost daily occurrence. Nevertheless I still recall the peculiar circumstances of the escape in an aircraft, of Russian officers early in 1914. This unique incident has particularly stuck in my memory. I also seem to recall that the aircraft crashed, shortly after taking off.
This was reported to the Fuehrer probably both via Bormann as Reich Defense Commissioner as well as through our channels to the Head of OKW. I think it out of the question that the ten Field Marshal Milch was instrumental in obtaining the Fuehrer order to have the Russians shot. Of course, I think there can be no doubt that the Reich Minister of Aviation and C-in-C of the Luftwaffe was informed of the incident, i.e., of the loss of the aircraft, but I know nothing of an intervention on the part of the Luftwaffe, or of Field Marshal Milch in particular. I think Milch's playing any part in the treatments of the recaptured prisoners would have been impossible as this would have amounted to his interferring in matters outside his command, against which the competent authorities would have protested, and I would certainly remember if so unusual an action had taken place. Signed: Kurt Linde, Major General.
"The above signature of Kurt Linde, at present PWs hospital Garmisch, was given in the presence of Dr. Werner Milch and is hereby certified by me. Garmisch, 23 February 1947, Signed: Dr. Werner Milch."
Exhibit No. 44 is an affidavit of Fritz Prell, of 4 February 1947. It reads as follows:
S March-DJG-A-16-1-Kupperstein (Int. Simha) "I, Fritz Prell, secretary of the criminal police at the search department in Regensburg, residing in Regensburg, Waldmuenschenerstr.
94, have been informed that I am liable to punishment if I make a false statement. I declare on oath that my statement is true and that it was made for the purpose of being submitted as evidence before the military Tribunal No. 2 at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg, German.
"The shooting of 2 Russians in Obertraubling took place on a Saturday afternoon, I am sure that it was a Saturday afternoon, because I was on duty at the police directorate on the afternoon concerned.
"The shooting took place about 14 days before the 2 major airraids on the plant Obertraubling of the firm Messerschmitt. These raids were on 22 and 25 February 1941. Therefore the shooting probably took place on 12 February 1944, because this day was a Saturday." "Regensburg, 4 February 1947." "Signature: Fritz Prell."
"Document R. No. 210."
"I certify to the correctness of the above signature of the secretary of the criminal police in Regensburg, Horr Fritz Prell, alte Waldmuenchenerstr, 94, who identified himself by his identification card issued on 15 September 1946 B 00099." "Regensburg 4 February 1947, Dr. Luther." "(Stamp) Dr. Heinz Luther, Notary in Regensburg." Then came the expenses. That is what I have to show in connection with those two officers. I shall give my deduction later on.
As the last affidavit today, I would like to submit Exhibit No 45, an affidavit of Dr. Falter von Mueller, the 1st of February, 1947:
"I, Walter von Mueller, born in Berlin - Wilmersdorf on 13 October 1900 residing in Bennigsen am Diester, near Hannover, was at first informed that I am liable to punishment if I make a false statement.
I declare on oath that my statement is true and that it was made for the purpose of being submitted as evidence before the Military Tribunal No. II at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg, Germany.
"1. In May 1933 I became acquainted with Milch through my activity as colleague of the commissioner for special duty Bolle in the Reich Comm 1419-a issary for aviation, Berlin where I had been transferred from the German transport pilot school.
I had to deal with a great number of denunciations of leading personalities of German aviation. Milch had already assigned several of these persons to serve in the Reich Commissary for aviation and later the Reich Ministry for aviation, some of them in leading positions. They were experts, mostly nonnational socialists, who, as it could be seen from the denunciation received expressed more or less openly their opposition to Hitler and his program. The incorporation of the Luftwaffe into the Wehrmacht, regarded as necessary by me as a non-national socialist, as well as an extensive exclusion of Party influence on German aviation succeeded, before the Party could take any effective counter-action from Munich.
"This development was only possible with the approval and assistance of Milch who then and later protected numerous men of Gorman aviation, partly without their knowing it.
"When the commissioner for special duty Bolle, who was continually in contact with the Munich Party Offices, got to know, what kind of "colleague" he had been assigned when he got me, I was immediately discharged. Confidentially informed about the dangerousness of my situation, I informed Milch about the most important facts of my activity with Bolle. Whilst most of my friends, on whom, as I had believed, I could rely, deserted me, it was Milch who immediately supported me and caused commissioner for special duty Bolle to be relieved.
"I myself received an order not to speak about the incidents which had then occured in the Reich Commisary for aviation, became an officer of the reserve in tie Luftwaffe and started to work for the German air transport company to which I belonged until the collapse in spring 1945.
"The rejection of the invasion of national socialistic tendencies into the German air transport company which I succeeded obtaining with the support of the Directors especially of director von Gablenz, again met with Milch's full approval, even though he admitted that only confidentially.
1420-a "2.) I remember very well an affair in dispute in 1942, about the presentation of the pilots badge to a higher SS leader (I believe it was Heydrick) which at first was refused by the Chief of the personnel office of the Luftwaffe, and later on had to be presented on account of the pressure applied by Himmler, where I was sent with a letter of the personnel office to the Prinz Albrechtstr.
During the time I waited for the reply I was approached by an SS-Leader whom I did not know, he pointed to the window at the building of the Reich Ministry for aviation and said: "We are going to clean out,this reactionary hole over there too, and that radically, already today we knew that sabotage is being committed and when we start to rub the guilty out we will start at the top." When General von Gablenz during a conference later on talked to me about Hitler and called him only "the madman" I reported him the incident with the SS leader and warned him urgently not to make careless statements. On this occasion I also asked him to warn Milch, and I suppose that he did so. I discussed this with him, because earlier Gablenz had told me about the bitter anger of Milch and his strong criticism of Hitler.
"The answer which I received from Gablenz incidentally, was a moving one. It was more or less the following, "Let them get me and put me against the wall. That would still be the most honorable end. Suicide would be cowardly and to go over to the enemy is an impossibility for a German officer. Therefore, what remains?"
"3.) With regard to the statement that the German air transport company was the core of the later established Luftwaffe, I can only say from my own knowledge that the men of the German air transport company, mostly the older generation, were, even in 1939, the most unmilitary thing one could imagine. During the maneuvers, in which we as reservists had to participate every year, we were the horror of all commanders and N.C.O.'s. We were export fliers, that is true, but our drill and shooting was very bad. The core of the Luftwaffe was developed in other places and separated itself immediately after its establishment from the German air transport company which was much too civilian for military taste.
1421 a "4.) From the first to the last day of the Third Reich I refused successfully to become a party member neither was this recommended to me by the defendant at any time."
"Signature: Dr. Walter von Mueller."
"The above signature made by Dr. Walter von Mueller, residing in Benigsen am Deister, before pastor B. Berg is herewith certified as being correct."
"(Stamp) Bennigsen, 1 February 1947, Lutheran-Protestant Vicarage, near Hannover." "Signature: B. Berg." (Stamp) Luther-Protestant Parish, Saint Martin at Bennigsen."
That is what I wanted to submit to you today, Your Honors.
THE PRESIDENT: Does this finish the presentation of documents by the defense?
DR. BERGOLD: There could be some more; they're on their way now. One of these is on its way, that is, and I hope to be able to get them in either today or tomorrow. There are just a few of them. It would take, perhaps, several minutes to read them.
THE PRESIDENT: At any rate, this is all that is ready right now?
DR. BERGOLD: That's right, Your Honor. There is only the witness, General Verwald, missing. He's the only one that is missing, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, the Tribunal is informed that he is on his way to Nurnberg from the plane where he was in the British Zone, and possibly will arrive tonight, and if not, tomorrow. Meanwhile, Judge Musmanno would like to make an inquiry of Mr. Denney as to certain facts concerning prisoners of war in the United States.
DR. BERGOLD: May it please your Honors, one second please. I have not received yet, the following: The record concerning the second examination of Speer, and von Roedor, of Neurath, and then of course, there's still the examination of Admiral Raeder, which is still missing, which Mr. Denney promised me. We only want to submit it for the record.
MR. DENNEY: So far as Neurath and Speer are concerned, Your Honor, I am in the same position that Dr. Bergold is; I haven't seen them either.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: I thought they had been submitted to you. I'll contact Dr. Foster and see that you get them this afternoon.
MR. DENNEY: So far as the one of Admiral Raeder is concerned, if Your Honors recall, there was some question about that; and Dr. Bergold and I were able to work out a satisfactory arrangement, based on some English notes which we had from the first interrogation of Admiral Raeder. He has examined them; and approved them in German, into which I had them translated. We have had them stenciled and I have a sufficient number of English and German copies to deliver them to Dr. Bergold this afternoon, and also to deliver copies to the Court.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, as soon as the transcript of the Neurath and Speer examination is available, we will have them placed in the record as a part of the official transcript, and properly paged.
DR. BERGOLD: Yes, Your Honor.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Mr. Denney, Dr. Bergold has introduced in evidence, an excerpt from General Marshall's masterful and brilliant report on the conduct of the war, from July 1, 1943 to June 30, 1945, which refers particularly to the use of prisoners of war in the United States. The Tribunal will, of course, take judicial notice of the report and its authenticity in every respect. Also, the fact, as the report states, that the prisoners were treated in accordance with the Geneva Prisoners of War Convention, ratified by the United States on January 16, 1932. For purposes of further elucidation, in view of the fact that the use of prisoners of war has become an issue in this case,we would like, if you can, to submit such data as you can on the manner in which the labors and energies of prisoners of war in the United States were utilized.
MR. DENNEY: I might say, Your Honor, that from my own experience in the war, first as a -- well, it probably best dates from the time I was transferred to the Department of the Judge advocate General from the Signal Corps, and I attended a school at the University of Michigan which was conducted for all Judge Advocate General officers. At that time part of the course -- a subject course which lasted, I believe, an hour a day for a month -- was specifically concerned with matters of this kind, the rules of land warfare. And of necessity, at that time, they took up in detail the Geneva and Hague Conventions.
I am familiar with the directives that came from the Office of the Secretary of War during the time in which we had prisoners in the United States, and those directives stated that the prisoners should not be used in any tasks that had to do with the war economy. On the installations at which I was stationed, I know that their duties consisted in shoveling snow, doing KP, working as waiters in mess halls. In many instances they were sent to work on farms, in some cases under contract labor, in which case the prisoners were paid the 80 cents a day which is provided for by the convention. There was an additional payment made to the Government, which had to do with attempting not to undersell the local labor market too much. The additional amount which was paid was considered by the Government as compensation for the people that they had taking care of these people. This money was also used, in part, to furnish things for the prisoners at their camps.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Was it in that manner that the sum referred to in this excerpt, $35,196,000 -- if that is correct -- was accumulated?
MR. DENNEY: I believe in that manner, and also in salaries saved, which would have had to be paid had civilians been used to perform the tasks which these prisoners of war did. I imagine, in addition, in that figure there is also included the work which was performed by the so-called Italian Service Battalions.
If Your Honors recall, shortly after the surrender in North Africa, in 1943; May, there were a great number of Italian prisoners which came to America.
Following the armistice with the Bogdolia Government, some time in August or September of 1943, the Italian prisoners who were then in America in substantial numbers were given an opportunity to volunteer for service in so-called service battalions. They, of course, could not, under the terms of the Geneva Convention, be made to re-enter conflict against their former allies, Germany or Japan; however, they could perform work which they did do. They were the same uniform that our soldiers did, with the exception of the fact that the buttons with the crest were taken off. They wore no insignia of branch; they wore no piping on their hats; and they wore no "US" on the right collar. On their sleeve they wore a green brassard with the word "Italy" in white letters. There were substantial numbers of those battalions in the States, and I would think that that would be included in that report as well.
THE PRESIDENT: What type of work did these battalions do?
MR. DENNEY: So far as I know, Your Honor, they did the same sort of work that the other prisoners did. I mm not well informed as to their activities.
THE PRESIDENT: Does that include such activities as road building, road clearing?
MR. DENNEY: About that, Your Honor, I can't say. The one place where I was where they had one of these units was at the University of Michigan, and they lived in the log quadrangle there, on the top floors. They performed work in the kitchen as cooks and KP's and things of that kind.
THE PRESIDENT: You mean they were given quarters in the same building where students are quartered normally in peace times?
MR. DENNEY: Yes, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: I speak from experience, that those are not bad quarters.
MR. DENNEY: I was never allowed to live in them, Your Honor.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Were prisoners ever used at any time in connection with the manufacture of munitions or military installations?
MR. DENNEY: No, Your Honor. The only place, as I say, where - it sneaks there of employing then on posts, camps, and stations. Those were in places where they had substantial garrisons of troops and where their duties were what are called in the Amy "housekeeping duties".
JUDGE MUSMANNO: In the construction of military installations, wefe they used at any tine, anywhere?
MR. DENNEY: I know of no such case, Your Honor. I do know of one installation where they had some 350 men of the Africa Corps, and their task was primarily cleaning out trees and leveling off hillsides, and so on for the purpose of some development of the country at a later time for recreation purposes.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Do you know whether at any time, anywhere, in any way, prisoners of war in the United States were used in activities comparable to those which had been testified to here in this trial, that prisoners of war held by Germany were put to?
MR. DENNEY: No, Your Honor. Specifically, with reference to working in ack ack batteries, the question of what work they did completely aside, I know of no such instance.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Oh well, of course, it is quite obvious a fact, which the Tribunal certainly takes judicial notice of, that they were never used in any way like that.
MR. DENNEY: And particularly with reference, too, to armament factories, to any plants where they were constructing materiel or munitions of any kind or manufacturing the same, to be so used.
THE PRESIDENT: It is also true, is it not, Mr. Denney, that any carson who was not a citizen of the United States was not even remitted within the confines of factories or manufacturing plants engaged in war work?
MR. DENNEY: Yes, Your Honor. There was the same sort of clearance which you would have to have for G-2 in the Army or the Bureau of Naval Intelligence in the Navy. You had to have what amounted to a card from the Adjutant General's Office, and you had a badge and a picture on it, or you couldn't even get near it.