'It is necessary, however, to act in this respect with a great deal of tact and reserve in order not to give the newspapers an aspect which, no longer being French, would risk shocking public opinion.'" is necessary to stress, from the sometimes very varied facts which we are forced to present, that which, in these facts and accounts, characterizes the intention and the realization of an act condemned by penal law. From this point of view I quote, and I produce, Document 1124, which is an attempt to favor, by the press and by propaganda, the military recruiting of Frenchmen in the enemy army, a crime which is covered by Article 65 of the French Penal Code. And I recall that in juridical doctrine such crimes can be prosecuted even against enemy nationals. I read this document, which is brief:
"At the end of the military conference, Dr. Eich pointed out that the O.F.I. would broadcast this afternoon an article devoted to the necessity of participation of French sailors in the Kriegsmarine. He begged the newspapers to add to this text commentaries developing, for instance, the following theme: 'To be a sailor is to learn a trade.'
"The article broadcast by the O.F.I. is to be published tomorrow, a four-page day, on the first page, or at least begun on the first page." properly speaking, there were so-called culture conferences in which the German authorities gave their orders on all subjects. I should like to read a few very brief extracts from one of these culture conferences in order to characterize the general pressure which resulted from the interference of the Germans in all domains without any exception. I present these documents under numbers 1125 and 1126, and I read two sentences on page 1 of the document 1125, which is an account of the minutes of the conference of the 22nd of April:
"Reproductions of paintings by Picasso have recently been made in spite of contrary directives which had been given in this respect previously.
"Theatre: Certain press organs have seen fit to devote to the operetta Don Phillipe articles in which the excessive praise turned out to be belied by the reception given to this work by the greater public: This goes beyond the limit."
I read from page 2:
"The press has made an obviously exaggerated praise of jazz concerts, particularly that of Fred Jumbo. This shows a lack of subtlety which is all the more regrettable, as a very small place has generally been given to concerts of real value." is interesting:
"The nationality of scientific, artistic, and other personalities quoted in these press articles is to be indicated as being that of the Greater German Reich for all countries in which these persons are born, and to have been attached or brought to the Greater German Reich or have been incorporated into it." one can find the evidence of the will to Germanize, and of the criminal will to strip men of the nationality to which they have the right.
I shall now say a few words about the motion picture industry. One may do injustice to the Germans, but they have never failed to understand the exceptional importance of the motion picture as a means of propaganda. In France they devoted to this subject seven ordinances or decrees. presentation of films-
THE PRESIDENT: M. Faure, don't think that evidence that the Germans used the cinema as a method of propaganda is really somewhat cumulative? you have shown already that they forbade a great number of books which they considered hostile to their ideas, and that they controlled the press, and isn't it almost cumulative and a matter of detail that they also controlled the cinema?
the evidence which you have given, I think the Tribunal will be satisfied that the Germans did adopt all these methods of propaganda.
M. FAURE: The impression which a brief presents at the moment when one introduces it leads, indeed, to observing that there sometimes exist arguments which are cumulative, whereas in the work of preparation that had not appeared so clearly.
I shall not speak, then, of this chapter concerning the cinema. I wish simply to point this out to the Tribunal. We have thought that on these questions of propaganda, which we are expounding in an abstract manner, it would, perhaps, be well to recall in a concrete manner a few of the figures of German propaganda. To this effect we propose, with the permission of the Tribunal, to present presently, in a very brief manner, the projection of a few of the themes of German propaganda. I wish to point out that themes are taken from posters which we have found but which we intend to present in image form, of one minute each. They were taken from a German propaganda film which was produced in France by a Frenchman, but at the instigation and with the financial support of the German offices. of the Tribunal, it appears to me indispensable to present, merely as a document, Document No. 1141. This document, which is the interrogation of the producer of the film, establishes the proof that this film was produced on the order of the Germans and that it was paid for by them. I therefore present in evidence this Document No. 1141, which is necessary by reason of the presentation which we are about to make. sufficiently far along as concerns the various means of propaganda, I shall apply the same line of reasoning to the part which had been anticipated for broadcasting. I should like simply, for this part, to present a document which exceeds the question of simple propaganda. This is Document No. 1146. obviously encountered an obstacle which they had not found to the same degree in the other fields, and this obstacle was the broadcasts of the free radios. As the Belgian witness said yesterday, the inhabitants of the occupied countries followed these broadcasts with great interest. The German Command then thought up the idea of penalizing the persons who listened to these broadcasts. extent, in a very urgent manner, of asking the French authorities to institute very severe penalties, going even to the death penalty, for persons repeating news of the foreign radio.
I think it is therefore interesting for me to deposit, as evidence, this document which emanates from the military command, signed "Stuelpnagel", which demonstrates the criminal intentions of the German General Staff.
I should like to read this document 1146, beginning at page 1. I read from the middle of the second paragraph, or the beginning of the third paragraph :
"The French law of 28 October 1941 does not provide special sanctions for the broadcasts of news from foreign radios capable of disturbing the public security or welfare, although this infraction constitutes a particularly grave danger. It is indispensable that the broadcasting of such news be punished by hard labor and even by the death penalty, in particularly serious pases, without taking account of the fact that the person who broadcasts such news may have heard it by a direct communication or in any other way.
"The possibility ofmaking such an offense legally subject to such heavy sanctions does not suffice to make the population abstain from listening to the British radio and to spread the news heard, inasmuch as the law which regulates the functions of the tribunals of the state does not mention the offense of listening to foreign radios, and thus the connection between the fact of listening to andspreading this news, and the sanctions of forced labor and the death penalty, has not been established. The population, therefore, has not yet been able to realize that such an offense is susceptible of entailing forced labor and death.
"Consequently, I ask that within a period of time, which will expire on the 3rd of January, 1942, a draft law modifying the law of 28 October 1941 be submitted to me.
"I add as an appendix the text of the German decree which regulates themeasures of exceptions concerning radio broadcasting, and which will inform you of the details of this regulation."
I shall now submit a document bearing the number 1147. I think this document may interest the Tribunal. It presents a quite different character from that of the documents which I have produced up to now. This document includes, first of all, a letter from Berlin of 27 October 1941, the subject of which is an agreement relative to collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I read this letter, which is very brief, and which authenticates our document:
"With the authorization of the Minister, we send you herewith for your information, as a secret matter of the Reich, a copy of the agreement relative to the collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as a copy of the executed agreement. One may speak of this agreement, but not of the details which it contains." text, which I shall not read, of the agreement made between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Reich for Information and Propaganda relative to a collaboration between their respective services or offices. I think this document presents great interest, and that is why I submit it. I shall simply point out to the Tribunal that it demonstrates at once the whole extent and the whole character of organization, of the general encroachment which the Germans wished to assure themselves of over the spirit of the persons dwelling in the occupied countries, or even in the foreign countries.
Chapter I of this document is entitled, "Collaboration by Branches." Sub letter "A" concerns the cinema, the theater, music, and exhibits. Letter "B" concerns publications. I think it might be interesting for me to read the first few lines of this letter "B", for, as I have explained to you, the propaganda, from the point of view of the people who received it -that is, it is interesting to realize the question from the point of view of the persons who presented or who issued this propaganda. And, on the other hand, one must not lose the occasion to observe the extraordinary variety and skill of the German methods.
This quotation is very brief:
"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Reich for Information and Propaganda maintain a common and equal share in a society designated as Mundus A.G., within which will be grouped the publishinghouses situated in Germany and abroad, and which are controlled by these two ministries. These firms will serve to publish literary works for foreign distribution and for distribution abroad. In this society will also be included all functions or future participations of the two ministries in this realm."
On page 3, the fourth paragraph, I should like also to read a sentence:
"The two ministries take part reciprocally in the establishment of the plan of propaganda publications edited within by them or upon their initiative, but for foreign consumption." paragraph, and I quote:
"In order to group, in a single organization, foreign broadcasting stations belonging openly to Germans, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry for Information and Propaganda will exploit in common, with a 50 percent participation for each of them, the covering society Interradio A.G., whose set is in Berlin".
The Tribunal has noticed the phrase "belonging openly to Germans." at the beginning of the second paragraph:
"For political reasons the semi-official activity, secretly carried on over the foreign broadcasting stations, is to have no relation with the avowed covering society." Document 1148, which is a message circulated to all the German propaganda officers. in defining the very general use of propaganda as a means of indicating the most serious enterprise of extermination of nationality and of existence of a country. In this case what is involved is the Czech culture and tradition, and I quote from paragraph 4:
"In a positive manner the belonging of Czechs to the German European cultural space must always be set forth prominently. It is proper to insist, on all occasions, on the strong influence which German culture has exercised over Czech culture, even to insist on the dependence in which the latter was in relation to the former; and notably, also, to insist upon the German cultural achievements in Bohemia and Moravia and their affect on the cultural activity of the Czechs.
"It is also desirable to take account of the fact that the Czechs speak a Slav language, but having lived for centuries with German peoples possessing a superior culture in empires of German predominance, they really belong to the German cultural environment and have almost nothing in common with other peoples of Slav language.
"From the historic point of view, there is always occasion to bring out the epochs in the course of which and the personalities with whom the Czechs sought and found contact with German culture: St. Wenzel, which was the period of Charles IV and Ferdinand I, of Rudolf II, of Baroque de Boheme, etc."
I finally submit, without reading it, Document 1149. I wanted to place this document in my list of documents for it constitutes a report of a year on the propaganda activity in one of the occupied countries, which is, in fact, Norway. I have spoken at great length of this county, and that is why I do not wish now to quote the text of this document, but I do wish to mention that the German propaganda was regularly reported on, and in these reports all subjects were treated: Press, cinema, radio, culture, theater, schools, education. This German propaganda is, therefore, as I indicated at the beginning, something much more extensive than what we understood was included previously in this word. No realm of our life is foreign to it; it respects none of the things that are precious to us; it can became a real penitentiary for the spirit, for even ideas become captives. so that after this presentation, which I have now concluded, the films may be projected? the most odious and constant displeasures of the life that we led in the occupied countries when we were obliged to see constantly before us, in walking about the streets, for instance, the frightful, stupid, images of German propaganda.
THE PRESIDENT: The Court will adjourn for 15 minutes, (A recess was taken from 1120 to 1155 hours).
THE PRESIDENT: With reference to the motion which was made before the adjournment by counsel for the General Staff, the opinion of the Tribunal is this.
eye-witnesses because Article 19 provides that the Tribunal shall admit any evidence which it dooms to have probative value. the member of a governmental committee as a witness to give evidence with reference to the governmental committee's report. But the Tribunal considers that if such a witness is called the governmental committee's report must be put in evidence, as a matter of fact, the counsel for the Prosecution have offered to put the committee's report in evidence in this case and not only to do that but also to make available to counsel for Defense the affidavits of witnesses upon which that report proceeded. Essen, gave evidence which were altogether outside the report or so it appeared to the Tribunal.
As to the weight which is to be attached to the witness' evidence, that, of course, is a matter which will have to be considered by the Tribunal, It is open to the Defense to give evidence in answer to the evidence of Mr. Van der Essen and also to comment or criticize that evidence and so far as his evidence consisted of his own conclusions drawn from facts which he had seen or evidence which he had heard, the correctness of these conclusions will be considered by the Tribunal, conclusions being matters for the final decision of the Tribunal. report was to be filed in evidence. I intended to say that, I thought that I said so. The report must be filed in evidence and the affidavits, as they are to be made available to the defendants' counsel will, of course, also be made available to the Tribunal.
M. FAURE: If it please the Tribunal, M. Fuster is going to present the films of which I spoke just new.
M. FUSTER: I am to show you a few bits of German propaganda in the occupied countries. In these occupied countries, during the whole occupation, the inhabitants saw the walls of the houses covered with all sorts of posters, varied in color and in their text. In all these countries, there was very little paper, but there was paper for propaganda. This propaganda was exercised without any limitation, not seeming to aim at probability. If the Nazis thought any campaign whatsoever might produce an effect, no matter how small, they then initiated this campaign. men whom they made proclaim slogans against the enemies of Germany, We saw the name of Clemencau, the name of Montescou, and the names of many others, who were made to utter words favorable to the Nazis by taking from their works sentences which were isolated. the great lights of history and of our people. They also tried to pervert, to change the form of the most sacred sentiments. We saw in France posters which favored work in Germany. A mother was made to say to her children, "How happy one is since Father has gone to work in Germany." Thus, the feeling for family served the Nazis ends. national patriotism. We saw in all countries posters which asked young men to serve in the German forces. M. Faure said yesterday how many unfortunate criminal wretches there were who served in these Nazi forces, who, though guilty, were victims of the Nazis, and thus, the German propaganda, having struck at the genius of the people and at the most intimate feelings of a people, constituted truly a crime against the spirit, the mind, a crime against the spirit which, according to the quotation which grounded the presentation of M. Dubost, we must not pardon. It must respect the rights of free men, of humankind, laws and ethics. There exist in all countries guarantees for the protection of the individual. There are laws against libel, against insult.
extend without any limit, without any restrictions, without any penalties, at least until the day when this Tribunal was formed, which is now here for that purpose. That is why it seemed to us our duty to submit to this Tribunal a few of these posters and these propaganda bits. original, which were most characteristic and which characterized in some way the points of this propaganda. special sort of film, which was directed against Freemasonry, which was opposed by the Germans, as has been explained during the French presentation The film in itself is of no interest, but it contains pictures which illustrate the course campaign of lies which the Germans indulged in in France. rapidly--we can not slow it down because of technical difficulties--before the showing, I would like to draw attention to two kinds of pictures which will follow, without transition. This map will be rapidly covered over by a color indicating the influence of the Jews and the Masons, except for two victorious islands, the Nazi European bloc, on the one hand, and on the other hand, Japan. the Nazi propaganda came to and how it submitted to the people the most simplifying formulas and the most erroneous formulas.
A still more odious form of calumny follows. It is the picture of President Roosevelt, presented under the title, "Brother Roosevelt wants war."
That is all that we have cut from the film. It will now be shown.
(Whereupon the aforementioned motion in the Courtroom.)
M. FUSTER: (Indicating) It is taken from the film "Force Occult". Here is the map of the world, with the zones of influence: the Soviet zone of influence, the British, the American zones of influence.
THE PRESIDENT: Is it necessary to have the accompaniment of music?
M. FUSTER: I am sorry.
THE PRESIDENT: It can't he helped? Very well.
Mr. FUSTER: I ask the Tribunal's pardon, but it is impossible to eliminate the sounf from this film. details of the pictures which passed before the Tribunal. I think, however, that the Tribunal will appreciate them. We are going to show them one by, one, giving to each one the commentary which it deserves. These films can be slowed down. presented to it is submitted under the Number 1152, in evidence, and also the Number 1152-B, the scenario of another propaganda film entitled, "The French Workman in Germany," which is taken from the dossier of the proceedings against M. Musard. It will point out in what the German propaganda consisted which was carried out by this means. submitted under Number 1153. the way in which the poster propaganda was organized. It was organized with much pare. We submit in relation to this a pamphlet which contains all the information of cutting and reveals a true administration and projects which had been thought over for a long time. This is document 1150. We shall not read it, since it is a publication, but we will summarize the most important information that it contains. greatest minuteness--the placing of the billboards and so forth. All these posters were issued by the central bureau in Berlin, D.P.A. Under their first form, it only included pictures. The wording or mottoes were added subsequently in the country to which they were addressed. These titles were to be written in the language of this country and adapted to the local situations.
Very often the Germans abstained from indicating their official German origin. They utilized, for instance, the wording, "Printed in France." "Printed in France," does not mean anything because it was never put on posters which were truly French posters.
On French posters, one finds only the name of the printer.
On the contrary, we don't find that upon German posters, but the Germans could undoubtedly by this wording, "Printed in France" make the French revealing.
As we have said, publicity has been practised for a long time, but Nazi Germany made of propaganda a public institution and applied it upon the international plane in the most reprehensible manner. Here are a few stages of this poster propaganda which we are new going to show to the Tribunal.
(Whereupon a series of pictures was projected by means of lantern slides on the screen in the courtroom.)
M. FUSTER: There is not much proper light in the apparatus. Here is the first poster (indicating). I am obliged to relate it because we see it rather badly. The text seems to indicate the noble attitude of the victor as far as the French victims of war are concerned. It is thus expressed; "Abandoned populations: Have confidence in the German soldier," and we see a soldier of Germany who has in his arms little French children. of the French populace, here on the second poster which we submit and which was posted in Germany it said to the Germans concerning French prisoners of war--I read the text of this poster. "Companions: Keep your national dignity. Attitude toward Prisoners. The attention of each companion of the Party is drawn to the following points. It is unworthy to show the slightest friendship for a prisoner. It is strictly forbidden to give any food or drink to war prisoners. Your fathers, sons and daughters fight with all their strength against an enemy whose purpose is the annihilation of the German people. We have no reason to show the slightest friendship to such an enemy.
Even when he comes to us as a prisoner, the enemy remains the enemy."
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we can see clearly enough, I think.
M. FUSTER: I thank you. We shall continue.
population who their true enemies were is entitled, "The Fairy Tales always Come out of the Same Nest," The nest in question is England.
Masonic signs or in emblems of the Jewish religion. The labels which "The Germans Take All" and "We have the Mastery of the Seas."
Of We are all of us concerned with anti-English propaganda.
It is a favorite theme of German propaganda.
This photo is entitled, "Thanks to the English, a Road of the Cross."
It tries to prove to Norway, and rather oddly, in Syria.
The text of this portrait reads, "The Amputations of the Hydra are methodically followed."
This poster has the following wording, "The Ally of Yesterday.
Before the war great promises. During the war no aid. Withdrawal, retreat of the English Expeditionary Force.
After the debacle, bombardment of French cities and blockade.
Let us end it."
This poster, No. 7, is still against England and made on the same model; three parts, "Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow."
The Germans materialized by a hydra or a bulldog; also the theme of the aritime Norwegian posters.
This poster is entitled, "With this, de Gaulle, you will not catch anything, Gentlemen."
The British obesity and German aspect! A Frenchman would have said, "With that, de Gaulle," (a fishing pole);the illusion would have been sufficiently clear.
The poster, No. 9, invites enrolment in the Kriegsmarine.
"The Time has Come to Free the Seas."
Here is a Norwegian poster. "Defend Norway. Enroll in the German Navy."
And the inscription could apply to all the services of the German Security Police; secondly, to all the Kommandanturs of the German Wehrmacht; in the third place to German captains of the ports and the services which were concerned with port supervision; fourth, And another Norwegian poster, with the heading title, "All for Norway.
..Aid which came from England." This poster tries to prove "Here is the second enemy, America"--which is the purpose of "The American Press:
97% in the hands of the Jews. That permits the Germans to aim at two enemies at once."
The Jews and This poster has in the middle the inscription, "They Wanted War," those responsible for the war.
Those who are responsible are not any a magistrate, an official, or public men.
Their names were not Mr. La Guardia on the screen.
Those who read articles on economic science knew of Mr. Morgenthau.
It was, however, difficult to persuade the French that Mr. Baruch, Frankfurter, Wise and Lehman, This photo is more picturesque.
It shows two sides of a banknote which has the inscription, "A dollar has no value unless signed by Morgenthau."
Here are the texts if the inscription which shows the imagination of the Nazi creator in this matter:
"The Minister of the Treasury is a Jew, Morgenthau, Jr., related to the great racketeers of international finance. All the Jewish attributes are found on this dollar; the eagle of Israel, the Triangle, the eye of Jehovah, the 13 letters of the motto, the 13 stars of the aureole, the 13 arrows, the 13 olive branches, the 13 steps of the unfinished pyramid. This money is indeed Jewish". And here is the text upon the right: "This dollar paid for the Jewish was and the only message which the Anglo Americans are able to address us. Would it be adequate to repay us for the misfortunes which come from that Jewish war? The money has no smell but the Jew does."
Mr. Churchill and Mr. Rossevelt are dividing Africa.
And now here is the anti-Semitic propaganda. We have already seen it mingled with the anti-English and anti-American propaganda. This photograph represents children of a French professional school who were taken to an antiJewish exposition and in the hands of whom they put anti-Jewish pamphlets.
"Here is the Jewish invasion, France is gnawed by a symbolical hydra and crossed with figures. In 1914, 200,000 Jews. In 1939, 800,000 Jews. Without speaking of those who are half Jewish."
"For the Jews the right to live. For us the right to die."Under the recriminations against the all-over-powering Jewry, line the crosses of war victims of which the list grows daily. Propaganda seeks on the one hand to crystalize and isolate the Jewish masses, and on the other hand, to incite against it the hatred of the remainder of the population. It seeks to divide France."
Finally, here is the terrible Russian enemy. A human cattle martyrized, drags a little wagon with stones; however, a monster in uniform whips with a knout and threatens with a revolver. This picture was first to be set in the general mountage entitled "The Workers Paradise" and it gives for its reason a supplementary interest. Because of lack ot time, the poster was offered in its original state and we submit the project for this mountage, as document 1151.
This is a lovely Norwegian posture: "No" in the form of a flash of lightning strikes against the Russian hand that wishes to tear the National flag.
"Never!" A romantic picture which makes one think of certain Russian pictures of another century. Death escorts a train of deportees, and Nazis showed what they were well acquainted with.
A final picture concerning Russia. "Here is what Bolshevism would bring to Europe." On the map are scenes of mutilation, infanticide, rape, hangings, murder. This is exactly what the Nazi movement brought to Europe.
Next. "However, this Europe should become conscious of their good fortune of being led by the Fuehrer, become conscious of his friend and of the Nazi unity, and to fight victoriously against the barbarous enemy."
And here is a photograph of a poster "A Leader and His People". Hitler is presented, endowed with all charms, sweetness, simplicity, comprehension: however, the text which cannot be read here reminds that he, Hitler, is the unknown soldier of the first war.
THE PRESIDENT: Could you let the Tribunal know how much longer you are likely to be?
M. FUSTER: About ten minutes, Mr. President.
THE PRESIDENT: Go on.
M. FUSTER: In the photograph to the left, Hitler shakes the hand of a little girl and underneath we read "The Little congratulant". This term, which is not French "gratulatrice", shows the origin of the document. "I work in Germany for the replacement of soldiers, and for my family, and for France. Do as I do."
"1943. History Speaks. 1919, the debacle. 1943, the great unity." This poster corresponds to the inscriptions which the patriots have written on the walls in France. The German defeat was coming more rapidly and they might hope that at the end of the year 1943, like the end of the year 1918, would bring about final victory. The Nazis were not able to oppose the overwhelming communiques except by denials and posters as this one, to affirm the great unity of Europe.
Here is a poster which shows the productive and combatant force. "The best workers make the best weapons for the nest soldiers."