M. FAURE: If it please the Tribunal, M. Fuster is going to present the films of which I spoke just new.
M. FUSTER: I am to show you a few bits of German propaganda in the occupied countries. In these occupied countries, during the whole occupation, the inhabitants saw the walls of the houses covered with all sorts of posters, varied in color and in their text. In all these countries, there was very little paper, but there was paper for propaganda. This propaganda was exercised without any limitation, not seeming to aim at probability. If the Nazis thought any campaign whatsoever might produce an effect, no matter how small, they then initiated this campaign. men whom they made proclaim slogans against the enemies of Germany, We saw the name of Clemencau, the name of Montescou, and the names of many others, who were made to utter words favorable to the Nazis by taking from their works sentences which were isolated. the great lights of history and of our people. They also tried to pervert, to change the form of the most sacred sentiments. We saw in France posters which favored work in Germany. A mother was made to say to her children, "How happy one is since Father has gone to work in Germany." Thus, the feeling for family served the Nazis ends. national patriotism. We saw in all countries posters which asked young men to serve in the German forces. M. Faure said yesterday how many unfortunate criminal wretches there were who served in these Nazi forces, who, though guilty, were victims of the Nazis, and thus, the German propaganda, having struck at the genius of the people and at the most intimate feelings of a people, constituted truly a crime against the spirit, the mind, a crime against the spirit which, according to the quotation which grounded the presentation of M. Dubost, we must not pardon. It must respect the rights of free men, of humankind, laws and ethics. There exist in all countries guarantees for the protection of the individual. There are laws against libel, against insult.
extend without any limit, without any restrictions, without any penalties, at least until the day when this Tribunal was formed, which is now here for that purpose. That is why it seemed to us our duty to submit to this Tribunal a few of these posters and these propaganda bits. original, which were most characteristic and which characterized in some way the points of this propaganda. special sort of film, which was directed against Freemasonry, which was opposed by the Germans, as has been explained during the French presentation The film in itself is of no interest, but it contains pictures which illustrate the course campaign of lies which the Germans indulged in in France. rapidly--we can not slow it down because of technical difficulties--before the showing, I would like to draw attention to two kinds of pictures which will follow, without transition. This map will be rapidly covered over by a color indicating the influence of the Jews and the Masons, except for two victorious islands, the Nazi European bloc, on the one hand, and on the other hand, Japan. the Nazi propaganda came to and how it submitted to the people the most simplifying formulas and the most erroneous formulas.
A still more odious form of calumny follows. It is the picture of President Roosevelt, presented under the title, "Brother Roosevelt wants war."
That is all that we have cut from the film. It will now be shown.
(Whereupon the aforementioned motion in the Courtroom.)
M. FUSTER: (Indicating) It is taken from the film "Force Occult". Here is the map of the world, with the zones of influence: the Soviet zone of influence, the British, the American zones of influence.
THE PRESIDENT: Is it necessary to have the accompaniment of music?
M. FUSTER: I am sorry.
THE PRESIDENT: It can't he helped? Very well.
Mr. FUSTER: I ask the Tribunal's pardon, but it is impossible to eliminate the sounf from this film. details of the pictures which passed before the Tribunal. I think, however, that the Tribunal will appreciate them. We are going to show them one by, one, giving to each one the commentary which it deserves. These films can be slowed down. presented to it is submitted under the Number 1152, in evidence, and also the Number 1152-B, the scenario of another propaganda film entitled, "The French Workman in Germany," which is taken from the dossier of the proceedings against M. Musard. It will point out in what the German propaganda consisted which was carried out by this means. submitted under Number 1153. the way in which the poster propaganda was organized. It was organized with much pare. We submit in relation to this a pamphlet which contains all the information of cutting and reveals a true administration and projects which had been thought over for a long time. This is document 1150. We shall not read it, since it is a publication, but we will summarize the most important information that it contains. greatest minuteness--the placing of the billboards and so forth. All these posters were issued by the central bureau in Berlin, D.P.A. Under their first form, it only included pictures. The wording or mottoes were added subsequently in the country to which they were addressed. These titles were to be written in the language of this country and adapted to the local situations.
Very often the Germans abstained from indicating their official German origin. They utilized, for instance, the wording, "Printed in France." "Printed in France," does not mean anything because it was never put on posters which were truly French posters.
On French posters, one finds only the name of the printer.
On the contrary, we don't find that upon German posters, but the Germans could undoubtedly by this wording, "Printed in France" make the French revealing.
As we have said, publicity has been practised for a long time, but Nazi Germany made of propaganda a public institution and applied it upon the international plane in the most reprehensible manner. Here are a few stages of this poster propaganda which we are new going to show to the Tribunal.
(Whereupon a series of pictures was projected by means of lantern slides on the screen in the courtroom.)
M. FUSTER: There is not much proper light in the apparatus. Here is the first poster (indicating). I am obliged to relate it because we see it rather badly. The text seems to indicate the noble attitude of the victor as far as the French victims of war are concerned. It is thus expressed; "Abandoned populations: Have confidence in the German soldier," and we see a soldier of Germany who has in his arms little French children. of the French populace, here on the second poster which we submit and which was posted in Germany it said to the Germans concerning French prisoners of war--I read the text of this poster. "Companions: Keep your national dignity. Attitude toward Prisoners. The attention of each companion of the Party is drawn to the following points. It is unworthy to show the slightest friendship for a prisoner. It is strictly forbidden to give any food or drink to war prisoners. Your fathers, sons and daughters fight with all their strength against an enemy whose purpose is the annihilation of the German people. We have no reason to show the slightest friendship to such an enemy.
Even when he comes to us as a prisoner, the enemy remains the enemy."
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we can see clearly enough, I think.
M. FUSTER: I thank you. We shall continue.
population who their true enemies were is entitled, "The Fairy Tales always Come out of the Same Nest," The nest in question is England.
Masonic signs or in emblems of the Jewish religion. The labels which "The Germans Take All" and "We have the Mastery of the Seas."
Of We are all of us concerned with anti-English propaganda.
It is a favorite theme of German propaganda.
This photo is entitled, "Thanks to the English, a Road of the Cross."
It tries to prove to Norway, and rather oddly, in Syria.
The text of this portrait reads, "The Amputations of the Hydra are methodically followed."
This poster has the following wording, "The Ally of Yesterday.
Before the war great promises. During the war no aid. Withdrawal, retreat of the English Expeditionary Force.
After the debacle, bombardment of French cities and blockade.
Let us end it."
This poster, No. 7, is still against England and made on the same model; three parts, "Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow."
The Germans materialized by a hydra or a bulldog; also the theme of the aritime Norwegian posters.
This poster is entitled, "With this, de Gaulle, you will not catch anything, Gentlemen."
The British obesity and German aspect! A Frenchman would have said, "With that, de Gaulle," (a fishing pole);the illusion would have been sufficiently clear.
The poster, No. 9, invites enrolment in the Kriegsmarine.
"The Time has Come to Free the Seas."
Here is a Norwegian poster. "Defend Norway. Enroll in the German Navy."
And the inscription could apply to all the services of the German Security Police; secondly, to all the Kommandanturs of the German Wehrmacht; in the third place to German captains of the ports and the services which were concerned with port supervision; fourth, And another Norwegian poster, with the heading title, "All for Norway.
..Aid which came from England." This poster tries to prove "Here is the second enemy, America"--which is the purpose of "The American Press:
97% in the hands of the Jews. That permits the Germans to aim at two enemies at once."
The Jews and This poster has in the middle the inscription, "They Wanted War," those responsible for the war.
Those who are responsible are not any a magistrate, an official, or public men.
Their names were not Mr. La Guardia on the screen.
Those who read articles on economic science knew of Mr. Morgenthau.
It was, however, difficult to persuade the French that Mr. Baruch, Frankfurter, Wise and Lehman, This photo is more picturesque.
It shows two sides of a banknote which has the inscription, "A dollar has no value unless signed by Morgenthau."
Here are the texts if the inscription which shows the imagination of the Nazi creator in this matter:
"The Minister of the Treasury is a Jew, Morgenthau, Jr., related to the great racketeers of international finance. All the Jewish attributes are found on this dollar; the eagle of Israel, the Triangle, the eye of Jehovah, the 13 letters of the motto, the 13 stars of the aureole, the 13 arrows, the 13 olive branches, the 13 steps of the unfinished pyramid. This money is indeed Jewish". And here is the text upon the right: "This dollar paid for the Jewish was and the only message which the Anglo Americans are able to address us. Would it be adequate to repay us for the misfortunes which come from that Jewish war? The money has no smell but the Jew does."
Mr. Churchill and Mr. Rossevelt are dividing Africa.
And now here is the anti-Semitic propaganda. We have already seen it mingled with the anti-English and anti-American propaganda. This photograph represents children of a French professional school who were taken to an antiJewish exposition and in the hands of whom they put anti-Jewish pamphlets.
"Here is the Jewish invasion, France is gnawed by a symbolical hydra and crossed with figures. In 1914, 200,000 Jews. In 1939, 800,000 Jews. Without speaking of those who are half Jewish."
"For the Jews the right to live. For us the right to die."Under the recriminations against the all-over-powering Jewry, line the crosses of war victims of which the list grows daily. Propaganda seeks on the one hand to crystalize and isolate the Jewish masses, and on the other hand, to incite against it the hatred of the remainder of the population. It seeks to divide France."
Finally, here is the terrible Russian enemy. A human cattle martyrized, drags a little wagon with stones; however, a monster in uniform whips with a knout and threatens with a revolver. This picture was first to be set in the general mountage entitled "The Workers Paradise" and it gives for its reason a supplementary interest. Because of lack ot time, the poster was offered in its original state and we submit the project for this mountage, as document 1151.
This is a lovely Norwegian posture: "No" in the form of a flash of lightning strikes against the Russian hand that wishes to tear the National flag.
"Never!" A romantic picture which makes one think of certain Russian pictures of another century. Death escorts a train of deportees, and Nazis showed what they were well acquainted with.
A final picture concerning Russia. "Here is what Bolshevism would bring to Europe." On the map are scenes of mutilation, infanticide, rape, hangings, murder. This is exactly what the Nazi movement brought to Europe.
Next. "However, this Europe should become conscious of their good fortune of being led by the Fuehrer, become conscious of his friend and of the Nazi unity, and to fight victoriously against the barbarous enemy."
And here is a photograph of a poster "A Leader and His People". Hitler is presented, endowed with all charms, sweetness, simplicity, comprehension: however, the text which cannot be read here reminds that he, Hitler, is the unknown soldier of the first war.
THE PRESIDENT: Could you let the Tribunal know how much longer you are likely to be?
M. FUSTER: About ten minutes, Mr. President.
THE PRESIDENT: Go on.
M. FUSTER: In the photograph to the left, Hitler shakes the hand of a little girl and underneath we read "The Little congratulant". This term, which is not French "gratulatrice", shows the origin of the document. "I work in Germany for the replacement of soldiers, and for my family, and for France. Do as I do."
"1943. History Speaks. 1919, the debacle. 1943, the great unity." This poster corresponds to the inscriptions which the patriots have written on the walls in France. The German defeat was coming more rapidly and they might hope that at the end of the year 1943, like the end of the year 1918, would bring about final victory. The Nazis were not able to oppose the overwhelming communiques except by denials and posters as this one, to affirm the great unity of Europe.
Here is a poster which shows the productive and combatant force. "The best workers make the best weapons for the nest soldiers."
"Socialism against Bolshevism for a free Europe."
A religious doctrine. This is a Norwegian poster which makes fun of the Germano-Russian alliance. It is entitled "A Blessed Meeting." An anglican bishop provided with a phosphorous bomb, presents a cross, symbolizing Finland. This bomb is offered to the Pope Stalin, who receives it, eyes lifted to Heaven but with a machine gun in his arms.
A poster indicates "Christianity was introduced into the country of the Soviets," and the motto says "My dear brother, with these beautiful crosses we wish to strengthen your faith."
Next. Anti-Christ. "A communist is a scourge of civilization, Bolshevism against Europe. International Exposition, July 12 to 15 August, 1941." Nazis pretend to be defenders of Christianity. of Oradour Sur Glane. submit to the Tribunal a few pictures to contrast the spiritual domain which is less perceptible, however, and whose importance is greater, to treat a subject which is effective and frontal, to show pictures of supervised expression. That is why we supplemented the words, impossible to say by a few pictures, which show in one look which speech could only have shwon slowly. We did try and we hope we have contribunted to the manifestation of truth.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will adjourn until ten minutes past two.
(Whereupon, at 1255 hours the hearing of the Tribunal adjourned to reconvene at 1410 hours of the same day.)
Military Tribunal in the matter of: The
THE MARSHAL OF THE COURT: May it please the Court, I desire to announce that the Defendant Kaltenbrunns will be absent until further notice, on account of illness.
M. EDGAR FAURE: Mr. President, I shall now take up the last chapter of my Brief, which is devoted to the organization of criminal activities. I shall begin by quoting a few words spoken by Monseigneur Piguet, Bishop of ClermontFerrand, in the course of a pontificial address on Pentecost Sunday, May 20, 1945. Monseigneur Piguet had been liberated from the concentration camp where he had been sent by the Nazis.
"The criminal institutions of which we have been witness and victim bear within themselves all the scourges of ancient barbarism and servitude, to which they add a systematic character and a new method capable of increasing human misery by the whole scope of modern scientific possibilities." prises, that I intend to present proof to the Tribunal with regard to the occupied countries of the West. of the imposition of German nationality or of German law, but in the general imposition of the norm established by the Nazi regime, and in a general way, of its conception of the world. means and as an end. As a means, because the criminal means is the most often very effective -- and we know that Nazism professes indifference in regard to the immorality of the means. As an end, on the other hand, since the final organization of Nazi society postulates the elimination of elements hostile to it or which it regards as undesirable. Under those conditions the criminal activities therefore do not appear as hazards and regrettable consequences of war and of occupation.
They must not be imputed to initiatives, disorganized and secondary, due to the excess of zeal or the lack of discipline of subordinates. The elimination of adversaries being recommended by the doctrine, it will be carried out in fact by the normal and regular functioning of the administrative apparatus. If Nazism has a philosophy of criminal action, it also has, properly speaking, a bureaucracy of criminal activity. the chief and secondary centres of the state organism. Each of the misdeeds or each of the series of misdeeds of which we have spoken to you and about which we shall speak to you, assume a whole series of transmissions. or reports which go from inferiors to superiors, and finally the relations which are assured between corresponding echelons of different services -- this administrative organization of criminal activity appears to us a very important datum as to the determination of responsibilities and as to the proof of the imputations which are formulated in the indictment against the higher leaders and against the group organizations. determined criminal activity, in effect, in no way requires that an exhibit or a document signed by this person himself be produced or that it should involve him by name. The fact that such a document exists or does not exist depends on chance. The responsibility of the higher leader is directly established by the fact that a criminal activity has been carried out in an administrative fashion by a service at the head of which we find this leader. This is all the more true in the case of a criminal activity pursued over a long period of time, affecting a considerable number of persons and whose development has given rise to a series of complications, of consultations and of solutions. There exist in every hierarchized state service a continuous circuit of authority which is at the same time a continuous circuit of responsibility. criminal organizations, their criminality results from the very fact that their activity produces criminal results without the normal rules of competence and of functioning of these different organisms being in this regard insufficiently known or modified.
The collaboration which develops with a view to such a result between a series of agents of the organization as well as along the vertical of hierarchy and the lateral plan among the various specialities, implies no less necessarily the existence of a collective criminal disposition. Jews, by the Nazi regulation. The Tribunal already knows by ample demonstrations the Nazi doctrine on the subject of Jews. The historians of the future may perhaps determine what in this doctrine has been the element of sincere fanaticism and what has been the part of a premeditated will to deceive and to mislead public opinion. were to lead them to undertake the extermination of the Jews. for turning aside criticism and anger on the part of the public. On the other hand, it was a procedure of psychological seduction that was very skillful in regard to some minds. It made it possible to give a kind of satisfaction to the most deprived and underprivileged person, by convincing him that he was nevertheless of a superior quality and that he could despise a whole category of his fellow-men. whipping up the fanaticism of their members by awakening in them and encouraging in them the criminal instincts which always exist to a certain extent and in a potentiontial state in the sould of men. that disposition to crime does not necessarily proceed from a long preparation. The criminal instinct is available and may spring forth in a spontaneous, instantaneous fashion. The Nazis offered to their chief servants the possibility of giving free rein to the disposition they might possess for murder, looting -the most atrocious actions and the most hideous spectacles. Thereby they fully assured themselves of their obedience and of their zeal. great sufferings which the persons qualified as Jews underwent in France and in the other countries of Western Europe.
I should like simply to indicate here that it also was a great suffering for all the other inhabitants of these countries to witness the abominable treatment which was inflicted upon the Jews. All the French felt a deep affliction on seeing other Frenchmen like themselves being persecuted, many of whom had deserved the gratitude of the Fatherland. There is no one in Paris who did not feel a great shame in learning that the dying Bergson had had to be carried to the police commissariat to satisfy the resentment -
THE PRESIDENT: You will forgive my interrupting you, but the Tribunal feels that what you are now presenting to us, however interesting -and it is interesting -- is really an argument and is not presenting evidence to us. And as we have already heard an opening on behalf of the United States, an opening on behalf of Great Britain and an opening on behalf of France, we think that you really ought to address yourself, if possible, to the evidence which you are presenting, rather than to an argument. Tribunal in expressing your presentation, you will perhaps be able to do that.
M. FAURE: I understand perfectly the feeling of the Tribunal. I had simply intended to say a few words referring to the French feeling produced by these persecutions. But those words have now been spoken, and I cone precisely to the object of the demonstration which I am to present to the Tribunal with the documents. different from the necessity which the Tribunal considers, I would like to indicate that I present in this Brief no document which is an individual story or even a collective story, and no document which comes from victims themselves, or even from impartial persons. I have tried to choose solely a certain number of German documents in order to furnish the evidence of the carrying out of a criminal enterprise which consisted in the extermination of Jews in France and in the countries of the West.
the Jews included two series of actions. This is important from the point of view of the direct responsibility of the defendants. or regulationary texts, and the second category is that which resulted from the administrative assaults. these texts which were issued by the German authorities -- which were either military authorities or commissars of the Reich -- were particularly flagrant violations of the sovereignty of the occupied countries. fashion this regulation and this legislative enactment, for their effect is universally known. before the Tribunal in the document bock, although they are not documents properly speaking. These documents are to be found in an appendix. I should like to indicate that the first of these tables which are in this file indicates in chronological order in the left columns the legislative edicts and in the other the names of the different countries. The Tribunal can thus find the chronological story of the measures taken against the Jews in the different countries. The second table is a classification by subjects -- the conception of Jews, economic measures, yellow stars, and in the tables one finds the analysis of the material according to the subject. were issued in France concerning Jews and as these decrees are public acts I shall simply ask the Tribunal to take judicial notice of them.
Now, I think I must say this: There do not exist any ordinances -
THE PRESIDENT: Are you depositing these under the No. 1200?
M. FAURE: Yes, Mr. President. I present them as No. 1200, the series of ordinances.
I now must make this observation: These texts, taken as a whole, create for the Jews a very reduced condition. Yet there do not exist any legal German texts which order the general deportation or the murder of Jews.
On the other hand, it is to be remarked that the development of this legislation is progressive until 1942, and at that time there is a pause. It is at the time of this pause that we shall see beginning the properly administrative measures which preceded the exploitation of Jews and which consequently were to bring about their extermination. two separate actions of which one would be the legislative action, that could be imputed to the military powers, and the second would be the execution of these orders which could be imputed to the police. This point of view, according to which the criminal responsibility would be less on the part of the military power, as having only issued decrees, would be an inaccurate way of looking at this. In reality we observed the development of a continuous activity successively utilizing different means. preparatory measures for the execution of the other means, which are the directly criminal means. It was indispensable, in order that the Nazis might begin to employ their plan of extermination, that they have first of all brought about a certain determination and a certain separation of the Jewish population, among the whole population of the country. It was necessary for them to be able to find the Jews easily, and finding them, diminish their ability to defend themselves the material resources, the physical resources and the intellectual resources which would have enabled them to avoid easily the prosecution and persecution of the police. It was finally necessary that it be possible for this whole condemned element of the national community to be cut off from the whole community with one single blow, and for this it was necessary to put an end first of all to the constant inter-weaving of interests and activities which exist among all the categories of the population. possible and they thought they would succeed in this by habituating people to considering that Jews are not men like other men and similarly by getting the public used to no longer seeing them, since it was practically forbidden the Jews to go outside.
general extermination, deliberately undertaken by the Nazis. 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205 and 1206. I present these documents with reference to a special question, the emigration of the Jews who were attempting to leave the occupied territories. themselves of the Jews, it might be logically thought that they would look favorably upon this solution which existed, that of emigration. On the contrary, as we shall measure.
This then is proof of their determination to exterminate Here, first of all is document 1201.
These documents are of the members of the Tribunal.
Document 1201 is a letter of 22 instructions from Paris.
I wish to read the beginning of this "It has just been observed that 50 (written document says 150) Jews are still in the territory of the Kreiskommandantur St. Jean de Luz.
At the time of the conversation that we had with the Kreis arrondissement as quickly as possible.
At the same time, he stressed concentration camps."
Here now is the answer to this telegram. It is document 1202, dated 26 July 1941.
The second sentence:
"We do not approve the point of view of Major Henkel and this territories of France shall be prevented."
"The Reichsfuehrer SS and Chief of the German Police, at the R.M.D.J., has given orders with a view to forbidding in a general countries."
I now submit document 1205. This document relates to the same authority.
This is a note of the German Consulate General of Casablanca.
I read the first sentence.
"The number of European emigrees leaving for the American increased in the last month."
under date of 8 June 1942. I read the last paragraph of this "As concerns the emigrants leaving Casablanca, these are for as French Jewish families.
There is no occasion to suspect that intention of entering the military service on the enemy side.
We suggest the military authorities be advised."
informed. Now here is the sequel of these two communications. The read constitute appendices.
This document 1206 emanates from Berlin, "In order that you may be apprised of them it would be well for I may therefore note three conclusions.